The concept of a global Ummah, the worldwide community of Muslims united by their faith, is a powerful ideal in Islamic thought.
However, in the contemporary era, dominated by Nation-States and international borders, this vision faces significant challenges. The modern Nation-State system, which emerged in the 17th century with the Treaty of Westphalia, emphasizes the principles of sovereignty, territorial integrity, and national identity. These principles often conflict with the idea of a transnational religious community. Each nation-state has its own laws, customs, and interests that can supersede religious solidarity. Nationalism and patriotism foster a sense of belonging and loyalty to the state rather than to a global religious community. For many, the identity tied to their nation and its culture takes precedence over a broader religious identity.
Muslim-majority countries are not monolithic. They encompass a wide range of political systems, cultural traditions, and interpretations of Islam. The differences between Sunni and Shia branches, as well as other sects, are significant. Additionally, political systems in these countries vary from democracies to monarchies and theocracies. These differences often lead to conflicting interests and policies, undermining the notion of a cohesive global Ummah. For instance, geopolitical rivalries between countries like Saudi Arabia and Iran showcase how sectarian and political divides can overshadow religious unity. Nation-States engage in international relations based on strategic interests, economic considerations, and political alliances, which do not necessarily align with religious affiliations. Muslim-majority countries may form alliances with non-Muslim countries for economic or security reasons, demonstrating that national interests often take precedence over religious solidarity. For example, the close economic and military ties between the United States and several Gulf states illustrate how geopolitical strategy can supersede the idea of religious unity.
The legal and social systems within Nation-States are designed to cater to their specific populations, which include Muslims and non-Muslims alike. These systems may not always align with Islamic principles, leading to situations where national laws conflict with religious expectations. In secular or multi-religious states, legal frameworks are often designed to be neutral or inclusive of various religious and cultural practices, which can dilute the influence of any single religious identity.
This further complicates the idea of a global Ummah that transcends national boundaries. The forces of globalization and the spread of secular values challenge the influence of religion in public life. As Nation-States adopt more secular policies to accommodate diverse populations, the role of religion in unifying communities diminishes. This secular trend makes it harder to sustain the notion of a global religious community that can override national loyalties. The increasing interconnectedness of the world has also led to a blending of cultures and ideas, which can dilute the distinctiveness of any one religious or cultural identity. Further, economic disparities among Muslim-majority countries create friction and competition rather than unity. Wealthier nations may prioritize their own economic stability and growth, sometimes at the expense of poorer Muslim countries. This economic self-interest undermines the concept of a unified Ummah that works collectively for the welfare of all Muslims globally. For example, the economic policies and priorities of oil-rich Gulf states often diverge significantly from those of poorer Muslim countries in Africa or Asia.
The diversity of political systems, cultural practices, economic interests, and legal frameworks among Muslim-majority countries often leads to the prioritization of national over religious identities.
This makes the realization of a cohesive global Ummah difficult in practice. The modern world’s complexities require a nuanced understanding of how religious and national identities coexist and sometimes conflict. While the aspiration for a global Ummah remains an important aspect of Muslim identity, its practical application must navigate the realities of a world structured around sovereign Nation-States and diverse socio-political landscapes.
-Resham Fatima, International Relations,
Jawaharlal Nehru University
