<h2 class="sub-title" style="font-family: 'Merriweather', serif; font-weight: bold;">à¨à¨® ਤà©à¨° &#8216;ਤà©, ਸਾਡ੠ਦà©à¨¸à¨¼ ਦ੠à¨à¨¼à¨¿à¨à¨¦à¨¾à¨¤à¨° ਸà¨à©à¨²à© ਵਿਦਿà¨à¨°à¨¥à©à¨à¨ ਨà©à©° ਨਿà¨à¨à¨ªà¨¾à¨²à¨¿à¨à¨¾ ਠਤ੠ਬà©à¨¨à¨¿à¨à¨¦à© à¨à¨¾à¨¨à©à©°à¨¨à© ਸਾà¨à¨°à¨¤à¨¾ ਬਾਰ੠à¨à¨¾à¨£à¨à¨¾à¨°à© ਦ੠à¨à¨¾à¨ ਹà©à¥¤ ਸà©à¨à¨µà¨¾à¨¨ ਨਾà¨à¨°à¨¿à¨à¨¾à¨ ਨà©à©° ਵਿà¨à¨¸à¨¤ à¨à¨°à¨¨ ਲà¨, ਵਿਦਿà¨à¨°à¨¥à©à¨à¨ ਨà©à©° à¨à¨¹ ਸਮà¨à¨£ ਲਠਸਮਰੱਥ ਬਣਾà¨à¨£à¨¾ à¨à¨¼à¨°à©à¨°à© ਹ੠à¨à¨¿ ਨਿà¨à¨à¨ªà¨¾à¨²à¨¿à¨à¨¾ à¨à¨¿à¨µà©à¨ à¨à©°à¨® à¨à¨°à¨¦à© ਹà©, à¨à¨¸ ਨà©à©° à¨à¨¿à¨¹à©à©à¨à¨ à¨à©à¨£à©à¨¤à©à¨à¨ ਦਾ ਸਾਹਮਣਾ à¨à¨°à¨¨à¨¾ ਪà©à¨à¨¦à¨¾ ਹ੠ਠਤ੠à¨à¨¨à©à¨¹à¨¾à¨ ਦ੠à¨à¨¾à¨¨à©à©°à¨¨à© ਠਧਿà¨à¨¾à¨° à¨à© ਹਨ। ਹਾਲਾà¨à¨à¨¿, à¨à¨¹ ਸਸ਼à¨à¨¤à©à¨à¨°à¨¨ ਤਾਠਹ੠ਸੰà¨à¨µ ਹ੠à¨à¨¦à©à¨ à¨à©à¨°à¨¸ ਸਮੱà¨à¨°à© ਵਿਦਿà¨à¨°à¨¥à©à¨à¨ ਦ੠ਪੱਧਰ ਦ੠ਠਨà©à¨à©à¨² ਹà©à¨µà© ਠਤ੠à¨à¨¿à¨¸à© ਵ੠ਲà©à¨à¨µà©à¨ ਵਿà¨à¨¾à¨°à¨§à¨¾à¨°à¨ ਪੱà¨à¨ªà¨¾à¨¤ ਤà©à¨ ਮà©à¨à¨¤ ਹà©à¨µà©à¥¤</h2>
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<p>NCERT (ਨà©à¨¸à¨¼à¨¨à¨² à¨à¨¾à¨à¨à¨¸à¨¿à¨² à¨à¨«à¨¼ à¨à¨à©à¨à©à¨¸à¨¼à¨¨à¨² ਰਿਸਰਠà¨à¨à¨¡ à¨à©à¨°à©à¨¨à¨¿à©°à¨) ਦ੠à¨à¨®à¨¾à¨¤ 8 ਦ੠ਸਮਾà¨à¨¿à¨ ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨ ਦ੠ਪਾਠਪà©à¨¸à¨¤à¨, à¨à¨¿à¨¸ ਵਿੱਠ&#8220;ਨਿà¨à¨à¨ªà¨¾à¨²à¨¿à¨à¨¾ ਦ੠ਵੱà¨-ਵੱਠਪੱਧਰਾਠ&#8216;ਤ੠à¨à©à¨°à¨¿à¨¸à¨¼à¨à¨¾à¨à¨¾à¨°&#8221; ਨà©à©° à¨à©±à¨ à¨à©à¨£à©à¨¤à© ਵà¨à©à¨ ਦਰਸਾà¨à¨ à¨à¨¿à¨ ਸà©, ਬਾਰ੠à¨à©±à¨ à¨à¨¬à¨° ਪà©à©à¨¹à¨¨ ਤà©à¨ ਬਾਠਦ à¨à©±à¨ ਵਿਦਿà¨à¨°à¨¥à© ਨ੠ਮà©à¨¨à©à©° ਪà©à©±à¨à¨¿à¨ à¨à¨¿ &#8220;ਸà©à¨ ਮà©à¨à©&#8221; à¨à¨¾à¨¨à©à©°à¨¨à© ਸ਼ਬਦ ਦਾ à¨à© ਠਰਥ ਹà©, ਠਤ੠à¨à¨¾à¨°à¨¤ ਦ੠à¨à©à¨«à¨¼ à¨à¨¸à¨à¨¿à¨¸ (CJI) ਵੱਲà©à¨ à¨à¨¸ ਮà©à©±à¨¦à© ਦਾ à¨à¨¼à©à¨¦ ਨà©à¨à¨¿à¨¸ ਲà©à¨£ ਬਾਰ੠à¨à©±à¨² à¨à©à¨¤à© à¨à¨à¥¤ ਮà©à¨¨à©à©° à¨à©à¨¸à¨¼à© ਹà©à¨ à¨à¨¿ à¨à©±à¨ ਨà©à¨à¨µà¨¾à¨¨ ਵਿਦਿà¨à¨°à¨¥à© ਬਹà©à¨¤ ਸਾਰ੠ਬਾਲà¨à¨¾à¨ ਲਠਠਣà¨à¨¾à¨£ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਨà©à©° ਸਮà¨à¨£ ਲਠà¨à¨¤à¨¸à©à¨ ਸà©à¥¤ ਸਾਡ੠à¨à¨°à¨à¨¾ ਦà©à¨°à¨¾à¨¨, ਮà©à¨ à¨à©±à¨ ਵਿà¨à¨ªà¨ ਸਵਾਲ à¨à¨ ਾà¨à¨: à¨à© ਸਾਡ੠ਸਿੱà¨à¨¿à¨ ਪà©à¨°à¨£à¨¾à¨²à© ਠਸਲ ਵਿੱਠà¨à¨¸ ਬਾਰ੠à¨à¨¾à¨à¨°à©à¨à¨¤à¨¾ ਪà©à¨¦à¨¾ à¨à¨°à¨¨ ਵਿੱਠਦਿਲà¨à¨¸à¨ªà© ਰੱà¨à¨¦à© ਹ੠à¨à¨¿ ਦà©à¨¸à¨¼ ਵਿੱਠਨਿà¨à¨à¨ªà¨¾à¨²à¨¿à¨à¨¾ à¨à¨¿à¨µà©à¨ à¨à©°à¨® à¨à¨°à¨¦à© ਹ੠ਠਤ੠à¨à© ਵਿਦਿà¨à¨°à¨¥à©à¨à¨ ਨà©à©° ਲà©à©à©à¨à¨¦à© à¨à¨¾à¨¨à©à©°à¨¨à© ਸਾà¨à¨°à¨¤à¨¾ ਪà©à¨°à¨¾à¨ªà¨¤ à¨à¨°à¨¨ ਲਠà¨à¨¤à¨¸à¨¼à¨¾à¨¹à¨¿à¨¤ à¨à©à¨¤à¨¾ à¨à¨¾à¨à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©à¥¤</p>
<p>ਸà©à¨¨à©à¨ ਰ à¨à¨¡à¨µà©à¨à©à¨ à¨à¨ªà¨¿à¨² ਸਿੱਬਲ ਦ੠ਬਿà¨à¨¨à¨¾à¨ ਦਾ ਵਿਸ਼ਲà©à¨¸à¨¼à¨£ à¨à¨°à¨¦à© ਹà©à¨, à¨à¨¿à¨¨à©à¨¹à¨¾à¨ ਨ੠à¨à©à¨ ਹà©à¨° ਸà©à¨¨à©à¨ ਰ ਵà¨à©à¨²à¨¾à¨ ਦ੠ਨਾਲ, ਠੱਠਵà©à¨ à¨à¨®à¨¾à¨¤ ਦ੠ਪਾਠਪà©à¨¸à¨¤à¨ ਵਿੱਠ&#8220;ਨਿà¨à¨à¨ªà¨¾à¨²à¨¿à¨à¨¾ ਵਿੱਠà¨à©à¨°à¨¿à¨¸à¨¼à¨à¨¾à¨à¨¾à¨°&#8221; ਬਾਰ੠à¨à©±à¨ ਧਾਰਾ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ à¨à©à¨¤à© à¨à¨¾à¨£ &#8216;ਤ੠à¨à¨¿à©°à¨¤à¨¾ à¨à¨¼à¨¾à¨¹à¨° à¨à©à¨¤à© ਠਤ੠à¨à¨¸à¨¨à©à©° &#8220;ਬਿਲà¨à©à¨² ਨਿੰਦਣਯà©à¨&#8221; ਦੱਸਿà¨, ਨਾਲ ਹ੠ਸà©à¨à©à¨à¨ ਦ੠ਪà©à¨°à¨¤à©à¨à©à¨°à¨¿à¨ &#8211; à¨à¨¿à¨¸ ਨ੠à¨à¨¿à¨¹à¨¾, &#8220;à¨à¨¿à¨°à¨ªà¨¾ à¨à¨°à¨à© ਹਾਠà¨à©à¨°à¨ ਠਤ੠ਬà©à¨à¨ ਦ੠ਸਾਰ੠à¨à©±à¨ à¨à©à¨ ਦਿਨਾਠਲਠà¨à¨¡à©à¨ à¨à¨°à©à¥¤ ਮà©à¨ à¨à¨¸ ਮਾਮਲ੠ਨà©à©° à¨à©à¨¦ ਹ੠à¨à¨ ਾਵਾà¨à¨à¨¾à¥¤</p>
<p>ਸà©à¨¨à©à¨ ਰ ਵà¨à©à¨²à¨¾à¨ ਦ੠ਠਲà©à¨à¨¨à¨¾ à¨à¨¿ ਠਧਿà¨à¨ ਵਿà¨à¨²à© ਹਵਾਲ੠&#8220;à¨à©à¨£à¨µà©à¨&#8221; ਸਨ, ਸà©à¨à©à¨à¨ ਦ੠à¨à¨²à©à¨à¨¨à¨¾ ਦ੠ਨਾਲ à¨à¨¿ ਵਿਵਾਦਪà©à¨°à¨¨ à¨à¨¾à¨ ਨà©à©° ਸ਼ਾਮਲ à¨à¨°à¨¨à¨¾ &#8220;ਬਹà©à¨¤ à¨à©°à¨à© ਤਰà©à¨¹à¨¾à¨ ਸà©à¨à© ਸਮà¨à© ਠਤ੠ਡà©à©°à¨à© ਸਾà¨à¨¼à¨¿à¨¸à¨¼&#8221; ਸà©, à¨à©±à¨ ਮਹੱਤਵਪà©à¨°à¨¨ ਸਵਾਲ à¨à¨ ਾà¨à¨à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©: à¨à© NCERT ਦਾ à¨à©à¨ ਲà©à¨à¨µà¨¾à¨ à¨à¨à©°à¨¡à¨¾ ਸ੠à¨à¨¾à¨ à¨à© à¨à¨¹ ਸਰà¨à¨¾à¨° ਦà©à¨à¨°à¨¾ ਨਿਯੰਤਰਿਤ ਸ਼à¨à¨¤à©à¨à¨ ਦà©à¨à¨°à¨¾ ਨਿਯੰਤਰਿਤ à¨à©à¨¤à¨¾ à¨à¨¾ ਰਿਹਾ ਸà©à¥¤</p>
<p>à¨à¨¾à¨¨à©à©°à¨¨à© à¨à¨¾à¨à¨à¨¾à¨°à© ਦà©à¨à¨ ਸà¨à¨¼à¨¤ ਪà©à¨°à¨¤à©à¨à¨¿à¨°à¨¿à¨à¨µà¨¾à¨ ਵ੠à¨à¨ ਠਹਿਮ ਸਵਾਲ à¨à©à©à¨¹à© à¨à¨°à¨¦à©à¨à¨ ਹਨ: à¨à© ਨਿà¨à¨à¨ªà¨¾à¨²à¨¿à¨à¨¾ ਵਿੱਠà¨à©à¨°à¨¿à¨¸à¨¼à¨à¨¾à¨à¨¾à¨° ਦ੠à¨à©à¨¸ ਸਾਬਤ ਹà©à¨ ਹਨ; à¨à© à¨à©à¨°à©à¨¡ 8 ਦ੠ਵਿਦਿà¨à¨°à¨¥à©à¨à¨ ਲਠਠà¨à¨¿à¨¹à© ਸਮੱà¨à¨°à© ਨà©à©° ਸ਼ਾਮਲ à¨à¨°à¨¨à¨¾ à¨à¨à¨¿à¨¤ ਹà©; ਠਤ੠à¨à© ਵਿਦਿà¨à¨°à¨¥à©à¨à¨ ਨà©à©° ਠà¨à¨¿à¨¹à©à¨à¨ ਠà¨à©à¨¤à© ਹà¨à©à¨à¨¤à¨¾à¨ ਬਾਰ੠à¨à¨¾à¨£à© à¨à¨°à¨µà¨¾à¨à¨£ ਦਾ ਹੱਠਹà©? ਵਿਦਿà¨à¨°à¨¥à©à¨à¨ &#8216;ਤ੠à¨à¨¸ à¨à¨¾à¨ ਦ੠ਸੰà¨à¨¾à¨µà© ਪà©à¨°à¨à¨¾à¨µ ਦਾ ਵਿਸ਼ਲà©à¨¸à¨¼à¨£ à¨à¨°à¨¨à¨¾ ਵ੠à¨à¨¨à¨¾ ਹ੠ਮਹੱਤਵਪà©à¨°à¨¨ ਹ੠à¨à©à¨à¨° à¨à¨¸ ਨà©à©° à¨à¨²à¨¾à¨¸ ਵਿੱਠਪà©à©à¨¹à¨¿à¨ ਠਤ੠ਵਿà¨à¨¾à¨°à¨¿à¨ à¨à¨¾à¨à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©à¥¤</p>
<p>ਸਮਾਠਵਿੱਠਨਿà¨à¨à¨ªà¨¾à¨²à¨¿à¨à¨¾ ਦ੠à¨à©à¨®à¨¿à¨à¨¾ ਦ੠ਠਧਿà¨à¨ ਦ੠ਵਿਸ਼à©à¨¸à¨¼ ਸੰਦਰਠਦ੠ਨਾਲ ਪà©à¨°à¨¾à¨£à©à¨à¨ ਠਤ੠ਸੰਸ਼à©à¨§à¨¿à¨¤ ਪਾਠ-ਪà©à¨¸à¨¤à¨à¨¾à¨ ਦ੠ਤà©à¨²à¨¨à¨¾ ਪਾਠਪà©à¨¸à¨¤à¨ ਦ੠ਲà©à¨à¨à¨¾à¨/ਸੰਪਾਦà¨à¨¾à¨ ਠਤ੠NCERT ਦ੠ਸੰà¨à¨¾à¨µà© à¨à¨°à¨¾à¨¦à¨¿à¨à¨ ਨà©à©° ਪà©à¨°à¨à¨ à¨à¨°à¨¦à© ਹà©à¥¤ à¨à¨¦à©à¨ à¨à¨¿ ਪਿà¨à¨²à© ਪਾਠਪà©à¨¸à¨¤à¨ ਨਿà¨à¨à¨ªà¨¾à¨²à¨¿à¨à¨¾ ਦ੠à¨à©à¨®à¨¿à¨à¨¾ ਠਤ੠ਸà©à¨¤à©°à¨¤à¨°à¨¤à¨¾, ਠਦਾਲਤਾਠਦ੠ਬਣਤਰ ਠਤ੠ਨਿà¨à¨ ਤੱਠਪਹà©à©°à¨ ਵਰà¨à© ਵਿਸ਼ਿà¨à¨ &#8216;ਤ੠à¨à©à¨à¨¦à©à¨°à¨¿à¨¤ ਸà©, ਸੰਸ਼à©à¨§à¨¿à¨¤ à¨à¨¡à©à¨¸à¨¼à¨¨ ਨਿà¨à¨à¨ªà¨¾à¨²à¨¿à¨à¨¾ ਨà©à©° ਦਰਪà©à¨¸à¨¼ à¨à©à¨£à©à¨¤à©à¨à¨ &#8216;ਤ੠ਵਧà©à¨°à© à¨à¨¼à©à¨° ਦਿੰਦਾ ਹà©, à¨à¨¿à¨¸ ਵਿੱਠਵੱਡ੠ਪੱਧਰ &#8216;ਤ੠ਲà¨à¨à¨¦à© ਮਾਮਲਿà¨à¨, à¨à©à©°à¨à¨²à¨¦à¨¾à¨° à¨à¨¾à¨¨à©à©°à¨¨à© ਪà©à¨°à¨à¨¿à¨°à¨¿à¨à¨µà¨¾à¨ ਠਤ੠ਸਿਸà¨à¨® ਦ੠ਠੰਦਰ à¨à©à¨°à¨¿à¨¸à¨¼à¨à¨¾à¨à¨¾à¨° ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਹਨ।</p>
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<p>à¨à¨® ਤà©à¨° &#8216;ਤà©, ਸਾਡ੠ਦà©à¨¸à¨¼ ਦ੠à¨à¨¼à¨¿à¨à¨¦à¨¾à¨¤à¨° ਵਿਦਿà¨à¨°à¨¥à©à¨à¨ ਨà©à©° ਨਿà¨à¨à¨ªà¨¾à¨²à¨¿à¨à¨¾ ਠਤ੠ਬà©à¨¨à¨¿à¨à¨¦à© à¨à¨¾à¨¨à©à©°à¨¨à© ਸਾà¨à¨°à¨¤à¨¾ ਬਾਰ੠à¨à¨¾à¨£à¨à¨¾à¨°à© ਦ੠à¨à¨¾à¨ ਹà©à¥¤ ਸà©à¨à¨µà¨¾à¨¨ ਨਾà¨à¨°à¨¿à¨à¨¾à¨ ਨà©à©° ਵਿà¨à¨¸à¨¤ à¨à¨°à¨¨ ਲà¨, ਵਿਦਿà¨à¨°à¨¥à©à¨à¨ ਨà©à©° à¨à¨¹ ਸਮà¨à¨£ ਲਠਸਮਰੱਥ ਬਣਾà¨à¨£à¨¾ à¨à¨¼à¨°à©à¨°à© ਹ੠à¨à¨¿ ਨਿà¨à¨à¨ªà¨¾à¨²à¨¿à¨à¨¾ à¨à¨¿à¨µà©à¨ à¨à©°à¨® à¨à¨°à¨¦à© ਹà©, à¨à¨¸ ਨà©à©° à¨à¨¿à¨¹à©à©à¨à¨ à¨à©à¨£à©à¨¤à©à¨à¨ ਦਾ ਸਾਹਮਣਾ à¨à¨°à¨¨à¨¾ ਪà©à¨à¨¦à¨¾ ਹ੠ਠਤ੠à¨à¨¨à©à¨¹à¨¾à¨ ਦ੠à¨à¨¾à¨¨à©à©°à¨¨à© ਠਧਿà¨à¨¾à¨° à¨à© ਹਨ। ਹਾਲਾà¨à¨à¨¿, à¨à¨¹ ਸਸ਼à¨à¨¤à©à¨à¨°à¨¨ ਤਾਠਹ੠ਸੰà¨à¨µ ਹ੠à¨à¨¦à©à¨ à¨à©à¨°à¨¸ ਸਮੱà¨à¨°à© ਵਿਦਿà¨à¨°à¨¥à©à¨à¨ ਦ੠ਪੱਧਰ ਦ੠ਠਨà©à¨à©à¨² ਹà©à¨µà© ਠਤ੠à¨à¨¿à¨¸à© ਵ੠ਲà©à¨à¨µà©à¨ ਵਿà¨à¨¾à¨°à¨§à¨¾à¨°à¨ ਪੱà¨à¨ªà¨¾à¨¤ ਤà©à¨ ਮà©à¨à¨¤ ਹà©à¨µà©à¥¤</p>
<p>ਪਿà¨à¨²à© ਦਹਾà¨à© ਦà©à¨°à¨¾à¨¨, NCERT ਦ੠ਸà¨à©à¨²à© ਪਾਠਪà©à¨¸à¨¤à¨à¨¾à¨ ਨà©à©° à¨à©à¨£à¨µà©à¨ ਤà©à¨° &#8216;ਤ੠ਹà¨à¨¾à¨à¨£, à¨à¨à¨¾à¨à¨£ à¨à¨¾à¨ ਸਮੱà¨à¨°à© ਨà©à©° ਸà©à¨§à¨£ ਲਠਵਿà¨à¨ªà¨ ਤà©à¨° &#8216;ਤ੠à¨à¨²à©à¨à¨¨à¨¾ à¨à©à¨¤à© à¨à¨ ਹ੠à¨à© à¨à¨¿à¨¸à© à¨à¨¾à¨¸ ਸਿà¨à¨¸à© ਵਿà¨à¨¾à¨°à¨§à¨¾à¨°à¨¾ ਨਾਲ ਮà©à¨² à¨à¨¾à¨à¨¦à© ਹà©à¥¤ à¨à¨²à©à¨à¨ ਦਲà©à¨² ਦਿੰਦ੠ਹਨ à¨à¨¿ à¨à¨¹ ਸੰਸ਼à©à¨§à¨¨ à¨à¨¤à¨¿à¨¹à¨¾à¨¸ ਨà©à©° ਮà©à© ਲਿà¨à¨£ ਠਤ੠ਵਿਦਿà¨à¨°à¨¥à©à¨à¨ ਨà©à©° ਠਤà©à¨¤ ਦ੠ਵਿà¨à©à© ਸੰਸà¨à¨°à¨£ ਦ੠ਨਾਲ ਪà©à¨¸à¨¼ à¨à¨°à¨¨ ਦ੠à¨à©à¨¸à¨¼à¨¿à¨¸à¨¼ ਹà©à¥¤ ਠà¨à¨¿à¨¹à©à¨à¨ ਤਬਦà©à¨²à©à¨à¨ ਦà©à¨à¨ ਮਹੱਤਵਪà©à¨°à¨¨ à¨à¨¦à¨¾à¨¹à¨°à¨£à¨¾à¨ ਵਿੱਠ7ਵà©à¨ à¨à¨®à¨¾à¨¤ ਦ੠à¨à¨¤à¨¿à¨¹à¨¾à¨¸ ਦ੠ਪਾਠਪà©à¨¸à¨¤à¨ ਵਿੱà¨à©à¨ ਮà©à¨à¨² ਸਾਮਰਾਠਬਾਰ੠ਠਧਿà¨à¨µà¨¾à¨ ਨà©à©° ਹà¨à¨¾à¨à¨£à¨¾ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਹà©; 9ਵà©à¨ ਠਤ੠10ਵà©à¨ à¨à¨®à¨¾à¨¤ ਦ੠ਪਾਠà¨à©à¨°à¨® ਵਿੱà¨à©à¨ ਵਿà¨à¨¾à¨¸à¨µà¨¾à¨¦ ਦ੠ਸਿਧਾà¨à¨¤ ਠਤ੠à¨à¨ ਮà©à©±à¨ ਵਾਤਾਵਰਨ ਵਿਸ਼ਿà¨à¨ ਨà©à©° ਹà¨à¨¾à¨à¨£à¨¾; ਮà©à¨à¨¼à¨² ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹਾਠਨà©à©° ਮà©à©±à¨ ਤà©à¨° &#8216;ਤ੠à¨à¨¼à¨¾à¨²à¨® ਸ਼ਾਸà¨à¨¾à¨ ਵà¨à©à¨ ਦà©à¨¬à¨¾à¨°à¨¾ ਪà©à¨¸à¨¼ à¨à¨°à¨¨à¨¾; ਠਤ੠ਮਹਾਤਮਾ à¨à¨¾à¨à¨§à© ਦ੠ਹਿੰਦ੠à¨à©±à¨à©à¨µà¨¾à¨¦ ਦ੠ਵਿਰà©à¨§, 2002 ਦ੠à¨à©à¨à¨°à¨¾à¨¤ ਦੰà¨à¨¿à¨à¨ ਠਤ੠1992 ਦ੠ਬਾਬਰ੠ਮਸà¨à¨¿à¨¦ ਢਾਹ੠à¨à¨¾à¨£ ਦ੠ਹਵਾਲ੠ਹà¨à¨¾ ਦਿੱਤ੠à¨à¨à¥¤</p>
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<p><i>(ਲà©à¨à¨ à¨à©±à¨ ELT ਸਰà©à¨¤ ਵਿਠà¨à¨¤à© ਠਤ੠ਸਿੱà¨à¨¿à¨ à¨à¨¾à¨²à¨®à¨¨à¨µà©à¨¸ ਹà©à¥¤ rayanal@yahoo.co.uk)</i></p>
<p>(THEEdge ਲਠਸਾà¨à¨¨ ਠੱਪ à¨à¨°à©, <i>ਹਿੰਦ੠ਦਾ</i> ਹਫਤਾਵਾਰ੠ਸਿੱà¨à¨¿à¨ ਠà¨à¨¬à¨¾à¨°à¥¤)</p>
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NCERT ਜਾਂਚ ਅਧੀਨ: ਕਾਨੂੰਨੀ ਸਾਖਰਤਾ ਜਾਂ ਸਿਆਸੀ ਏਜੰਡਾ? ਪ੍ਰੀਮੀਅਮ ਕੀਮਤ

