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<h4 class="sub_head">ਠਮਰà©à¨à¨¾ ਵਿੱਠਮà©à¨¡à©à¨à¨² ਸਮਾਠਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ ਦਾ ਮà©à¨²</h4>
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<p>ਹਾਲਾà¨à¨à¨¿, à¨à¨¸ ਸ਼à©à¨°à©à¨à¨¤à© à¨à©°à¨® ਦਾ ਧਿà¨à¨¨ ਥà©à¨°à©à¨ªà© ਨਾਲ ਸਬੰਧਤ à¨à¨¾à¨¸ ਮà©à©±à¨¦à¨¿à¨à¨ &#8216;ਤ੠ਸà©, à¨à¨¿à¨µà©à¨ à¨à¨¿ à¨à©à¨£à¨µà©±à¨¤à¨¾ ਵਿੱਠਸà©à¨§à¨¾à¨° à¨à¨¾à¨ ਦਵਾà¨à¨à¨ ਦ੠ਪਾਲਣਾ à¨à¨°à¨¨ ਵਿੱਠਰà©à¨à¨¾à¨µà¨à¨¾à¨à¥¤ à¨à©à¨à¨¾ à¨à¨¹à¨¨à¨¾à¨ ਸਮੱਸਿà¨à¨µà¨¾à¨ ਦਾ ਠਧਿà¨à¨¨ à¨à¨°à¨¨à¨¾ ਸ੠à¨à© ਮà©à¨¡à©à¨à¨² ਠਥਾਰà¨à© à¨à¨¾à¨ ਮà©à¨à©à¨¦à¨¾ ਠਸਮਾਨਤਾਵਾਠਨà©à©° à¨à©à¨£à©à¨¤à© ਦà©à¨£ ਦ੠ਬà¨à¨¾à¨ ਮà©à¨¡à©à¨à¨² ਸà©à¨à¨¿à©°à¨à¨¾à¨ ਵਿੱਠਸਿੱਧ੠ਤà©à¨° &#8216;ਤ੠ਲਾà¨à© à¨à©à¨¤à©à¨à¨ à¨à¨¾ ਸà¨à¨¦à©à¨à¨ ਹਨ। à¨à¨¸ ਸਮà©à¨ ਦ੠ਦà©à¨°à¨¾à¨¨, ਸਮਾਠਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨à©à¨à¨ ਨ੠ਬਿਮਾਰ੠ਨà©à©° à¨à¨¿à¨à¨¦à¨¾à¨¤à¨° ਠ<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://archive.org/details/socialsystem00pars/page/n3/mode/2up" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">à¨à¨® à¨à©°à¨®à¨à¨¾à¨ ਤà©à¨ à¨à¨à¨à¨£à¨¾</a> à¨à© ਨà©à¨à¨¸à¨¾à¨¨ ਦਾ à¨à¨¾à¨°à¨¨ ਬਣਦਾ ਹ੠à¨à¨¿à¨¸ ਲਠà¨à¨²à¨¾à¨ ਦ੠ਲà©à© ਹà©à©°à¨¦à© ਹà©à¥¤ </p>
<p>à¨à¨¦à¨¾à¨¹à¨°à¨¨ ਲà¨, ਦ੠ਧਾਰਨਾ <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://archive.org/details/socialsystem00pars/page/n3/mode/2up" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">ਬਿਮਾਰ à¨à©à¨®à¨¿à¨à¨¾</a> &#8211; 1950 ਦ੠ਦਹਾà¨à© ਵਿੱਠਮà©à¨¡à©à¨à¨² ਸਮਾà¨-ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨à© à¨à©à¨²à¨à©à¨ ਪਾਰਸਨ ਦà©à¨à¨°à¨¾ ਵਿà¨à¨¸à¨¤ à¨à©à¨¤à¨¾ à¨à¨¿à¨ &#8211; ਬਿਮਾਰ੠ਨà©à©° ਸਮਾà¨à¨¿à¨ à¨à©à¨®à¨¿à¨à¨¾à¨µà¨¾à¨ ਠਤ੠à¨à¨®à©à¨¦à¨¾à¨ ਤà©à¨ à¨à©±à¨ à¨à¨à¨à¨£ ਵà¨à©à¨ ਦà©à¨à¨¿à¨ à¨à¨¿à¨à¥¤ à¨à¨¸ ਵਿà¨à¨¾à¨° ਦ੠ਤਹਿਤ, ਸਮਾਠਵਿੱਠà¨à¨® à¨à©°à¨®à¨à¨¾à¨ ਵਿੱਠਵਾਪਸ à¨à¨à¨£ ਲਠਮਰà©à¨à¨¼ ਡਾà¨à¨à¨°à© ਦà©à¨à¨à¨¾à¨² ਪà©à¨°à¨¾à¨ªà¨¤ à¨à¨°à¨¨ ਲਠਪà©à¨°à© ਤਰà©à¨¹à¨¾à¨ à¨à¨¼à¨¿à©°à¨®à©à¨µà¨¾à¨° ਸਨ।</p>
<p>ਸਮਾਠਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ੠1960 ਦ੠ਦਹਾà¨à© ਵਿੱਠਸ਼à©à¨°à© ਹà©à¨ <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://archive.org/details/stigmanotesonman0000goff/page/n5/mode/2up" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">ਡਾà¨à¨à¨°à© ਨਿਦਾਨਾਠਠਤ੠ਸੰਸਥਾਵਾਠਦ੠à¨à¨²à©à¨à¨¨à¨¾ à¨à¨°à¨¨à¨¾</a>à¨à©à¨à¨à¨°à¨¤à¨¾à¨µà¨¾à¨ ਨ੠ਬਿਮਾਰ à¨à©à¨®à¨¿à¨à¨¾ ਦ੠ਵਿà¨à¨¾à¨° ਦ੠à¨à¨²à©à¨à¨¨à¨¾ à¨à©à¨¤à© à¨à¨¿à¨à¨à¨à¨¿ à¨à¨¹ ਮੰਨਿਠà¨à¨¿à¨ ਸ੠à¨à¨¿ ਬà©à¨®à¨¾à¨°à©à¨à¨ ਠਸਥਾਠਸਨ ਠਤ੠ਪà©à¨°à¨¾à¨£à©à¨à¨ ਸਥਿਤà©à¨à¨ à¨à¨¾à¨ ਠਪਾਹà¨à¨¤à¨¾ ਲਠਲà©à¨à¨¾ ਨਹà©à¨ à¨à¨°à¨¦à©à¨à¨, à¨à© ਲੰਬ੠ਸਮà©à¨ ਲਠਰਹਿ ਸà¨à¨¦à©à¨à¨ ਹਨ ਠਤ੠à¨à¨¼à¨°à©à¨°à© ਤà©à¨° &#8216;ਤ੠ਲà©à¨à¨¾à¨ ਨà©à©° à¨à¨¨à©à¨¹à¨¾à¨ ਦ੠à¨à©à¨µà¨¨ ਦà©à¨à¨ à¨à¨¼à¨¿à©°à¨®à©à¨µà¨¾à¨°à©à¨à¨ ਤà©à¨ à¨à¨à¨à¨£ ਦ੠à¨à¨à¨¾à¨à¨¼à¨¤ ਨਹà©à¨ ਦਿੰਦà©à¨à¨, ਬਿਮਾਰ à¨à©à¨®à¨¿à¨à¨¾ ਨ੠à¨à¨¹ ਮੰਨਿਠà¨à¨¿ ਸਾਰ੠ਲà©à¨à¨¾à¨ ਨà©à©° ਡਾà¨à¨à¨°à© ਦà©à¨à¨à¨¾à¨² ਤੱਠਪਹà©à©°à¨ ਹà©, ਠਤ੠à¨à¨¸ à¨à©±à¨² ਨà©à©° ਧਿà¨à¨¨ ਵਿੱਠਨਹà©à¨ ਰੱà¨à¨¿à¨ à¨à¨¿ à¨à¨¿à¨µà©à¨ ਸਮਾà¨à¨¿à¨ à¨à¨®à¨°, ਵਰà¨, ਨਸਲ੠à¨à¨°à¨¿à©±à¨¤à¨°, ਵਰਠਠਤ੠ਵਰਠਦ੠ਰà©à¨ª ਵਿੱਠਹ੠ਸà¨à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©à¥¤ <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.1991.tb00522.x" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">à¨à¨¿à¨¸à© ਵਿਠà¨à¨¤à© ਦ੠ਬਿਮਾਰ੠ਦ੠ਠਨà©à¨à¨µ ਨà©à©° ਪà©à¨°à¨à¨¾à¨µà¨¿à¨¤ à¨à¨°à¨¨à¨¾</a>,</p>
<p>ਪਾਰਸਨà¨à¨¼ ਦ੠ਬਿਮਾਰ à¨à©à¨®à¨¿à¨à¨¾ ਦ੠ਧਾਰਨਾ ਨ੠ਵ੠ਬਿਮਾਰ੠ਦ੠ਮਰà©à¨à¨¼ ਦ੠ਠਨà©à¨à¨µ ਦ੠ਬà¨à¨¾à¨ ਡਾà¨à¨à¨° ਦ੠ਮà©à¨¹à¨¾à¨°à¨¤ &#8216;ਤ੠à¨à¨¼à©à¨° ਦਿੱਤਾ। à¨à¨¦à¨¾à¨¹à¨°à¨¨ ਲà¨, ਸਮਾà¨-ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨à© à¨à¨°à¨µà¨¿à©°à¨ à¨à©à¨«à¨®à©à¨¨ ਨ੠ਰਾਹ ਦ੠ਠà¨à¨µà¨¾à¨ à¨à©à¨¤à© <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351327763" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">ਸ਼ਰਣ ਵਿੱਠਦà©à¨à¨à¨¾à¨² à¨à¨¸ ਠਧਾਰ &#8216;ਤ੠ਬਣਾਠà¨à¨¾à¨à¨¦à© ਹ੠à¨à¨¿ ਮਰà©à¨à¨¼à¨¾à¨ ਦਾ à¨à¨¿à¨µà©à¨ à¨à¨²à¨¾à¨ à¨à©à¨¤à¨¾ à¨à¨¾à¨à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©</a>à¨à¨¸à¨¨à© à¨à¨¹ ਵ੠à¨à¨¾à¨à¨ à¨à©à¨¤à© à¨à¨¿ à¨à¨¿à¨µà©à¨ <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://archive.org/details/stigmanotesonman0000goff/page/n5/mode/2up" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">à¨à¨²à©°à¨ ਦਾ ਠਨà©à¨à¨µ</a> à¨à©±à¨ à¨à©°à¨à¨°à¨à¨à¨à¨¿à¨µ ਪà©à¨°à¨à¨¿à¨°à¨¿à¨ ਹ੠à¨à© ਸਮਾà¨à¨¿à¨ ਨਿਯਮਾਠਦ੠à¨à¨µà¨¾à¨¬ ਵਿੱਠਵਿà¨à¨¸à¨¤ ਹà©à©°à¨¦à© ਹà©à¥¤ à¨à¨¸ à¨à©°à¨® ਨ੠ਪà©à¨°à¨à¨¾à¨µà¨¿à¨¤ à¨à©à¨¤à¨¾ à¨à¨¿ à¨à©à¨à¨à¨°à¨¤à¨¾à¨µà¨¾à¨ ਨ੠ਪà©à¨°à¨¾à¨£à© ਬਿਮਾਰ੠ਠਤ੠ਠਪਾਹà¨à¨¤à¨¾ ਨà©à©° à¨à¨¿à¨µà©à¨ ਸਮà¨à¨¿à¨ ਠਤ੠à¨à¨¸à¨¦à© ਲਠà¨à¨§à¨¾à¨° ਬਣਾà¨à¨ <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2009.01161.x" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">ਬਾਠਦ ਵਿਠà¨à¨¸ à¨à©±à¨² &#8216;ਤ੠ਬਹਿਸ ਹà©à©°à¨¦à© ਹ੠à¨à¨¿ à¨à© ਪà©à¨¥à©à¨²à©à¨à©à¨à¨² à¨à¨¾à¨ à¨à¨® ਮੰਨਿਠà¨à¨¾à¨à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©à¥¤</a>,</p>
<p>1970 ਦ੠ਦਹਾà¨à© ਵਿੱà¨, à¨à©à¨ à¨à©à¨à¨à¨°à¨¤à¨¾à¨µà¨¾à¨ ਨ੠ਦ੠ਮਾਡਲ &#8216;ਤ੠ਸਵਾਲ à¨à¨°à¨¨à¨¾ ਸ਼à©à¨°à© à¨à¨° ਦਿੱਤਾ <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1972.tb00220.x" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">ਸਮਾà¨à¨¿à¨ ਨਿਯੰਤਰਣ ਦ੠à¨à©±à¨ ਸੰਸਥਾ ਵà¨à©à¨ ਦਵਾà¨</a>à¨à¨¸à¨¨à© à¨à¨²à©à¨à¨¨à¨¾ à¨à©à¨¤à© à¨à¨¿ à¨à¨¿à¨µà©à¨ ਦਵਾਠਦਾ ਠਧਿà¨à¨¾à¨° à¨à©à¨¤à¨° ਬਹà©à¨¤ ਸਾਰà©à¨à¨ ਸਮਾà¨à¨¿à¨ ਸਮੱਸਿà¨à¨µà¨¾à¨ &#8211; à¨à¨¿à¨µà©à¨ à¨à¨¿ ਬà©à¨¢à¨¾à¨ªà¨¾ ਠਤ੠ਮà©à¨¤ &#8211; à¨à¨¿à¨¨à©à¨¹à¨¾à¨ ਨà©à©° ਪਰਿà¨à¨¾à¨¸à¨¼à¨¿à¨¤ à¨à©à¨¤à¨¾ à¨à¨¿à¨ ਸ੠ਠਤ੠ਡਾà¨à¨à¨°à© ਸਮੱਸਿà¨à¨µà¨¾à¨ ਦ੠ਤà©à¨° &#8216;ਤ੠à¨à¨²à¨¾à¨ à¨à©à¨¤à¨¾ à¨à¨¿à¨ ਸà©, à¨à©±à¨¤à© ਫà©à¨²à¨¿à¨à¥¤ <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.18.080192.001233" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">à¨à©à¨à¨à¨°à¨¤à¨¾ ਡਾà¨à¨à¨°à©à¨à¨°à¨£ ਦ੠ਰà©à¨à¨¾à¨¨à¨¾à¨ ਦ੠à¨à¨²à©à¨à¨¨à¨¾ à¨à¨°à¨¦à© ਸਨ</a> ਠਤ੠ਮਨà©à©±à¨à© ਹà©à¨à¨¦ ਦ੠ਵਧ ਰਹ੠ਹਿੱਸਿà¨à¨ &#8216;ਤ੠&#8220;ਸਿਹਤਮੰਦ&#8221; ਠਤ੠&#8220;ਬਿਮਾਰ&#8221; ਵਰà¨à© ਲà©à¨¬à¨² ਲਾà¨à© à¨à¨°à©à¥¤ à¨à¨¸ ਤਬਦà©à¨²à© ਨ੠à¨à¨¸ à¨à©±à¨² &#8216;ਤ੠à¨à¨¼à©à¨° ਦਿੱਤਾ à¨à¨¿ à¨à¨¿à¨µà©à¨ à¨à©±à¨ ਡਾà¨à¨à¨°à© ਤਸ਼à¨à¨¼à©à¨¸ ਰਾà¨à¨¨à©à¨¤à¨¿à¨ ਮਹੱਤਵ ਨà©à©° ਲ੠ਸà¨à¨¦à¨¾ ਹ੠ਠਤ੠à¨à¨¿à¨µà©à¨ ਮà©à¨¡à©à¨à¨² ਠਥਾਰà¨à© ਸਮਾà¨à¨¿à¨ ਸ਼ਮà©à¨²à©à¨ ਤ à¨à¨¾à¨ ਬà©à¨¦à¨à¨²à© ਨà©à©° ਪà©à¨°à¨à¨¾à¨µà¨¤ à¨à¨° ਸà¨à¨¦à© ਹà©à¥¤</p>
<p>à¨à¨²à©à¨à¨¨à¨¾à¨¤à¨®à¨ ਦà©à¨°à¨¿à¨¸à¨¼à¨à©à¨à©à¨£ à¨à¨²à©à¨à¨¨à¨¾ ਦ੠ਨਾਲ ਮà©à¨² à¨à¨¾à¨à¨¦à¨¾ ਹ੠<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2013.818773" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">ਠਪਾਹà¨à¨¤à¨¾ ਠਧਿà¨à¨¨</a>ਮà©à¨¡à©à¨à¨² ਸਮਾਠਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ ਦ੠à¨à¨²à¨, à¨à© à¨à¨¿ ਬਿਮਾਰ੠ਦ੠ਮà©à¨¡à©à¨à¨² ਮਾਡਲ ਦà©à¨à¨°à¨¾ à¨à¨à¨°à¨¿à¨, ਠਪਾਹà¨à¨¤à¨¾ ਠਧਿà¨à¨¨ à¨à¨à¨°à¨¿à¨. <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/new-politics-of-disablement-9780333945674/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">ਠਪੰà¨à¨¤à¨¾ ਠਧਿà¨à¨¾à¨°à¨¾à¨ ਦ੠ਸਰà¨à¨°à¨®à© ਠਤ੠ਸà¨à¨¾à¨²à¨°à¨¸à¨¼à¨¿à¨ª</a>ਠਪਾਹà¨à¨¤à¨¾ ਨà©à©° ਪà©à¨¥à©à¨²à©à¨à©à¨à¨² ਵà¨à©à¨ ਦà©à¨à¨£ ਦ੠ਬà¨à¨¾à¨, ਫà©à¨²à¨¡ ਠਪਾਹà¨à¨¤à¨¾ ਨà©à©° ਸਮਾà¨à¨¿à¨ ਰà©à¨à¨¾à¨µà¨à¨¾à¨ ਠਤ੠ਬà©à¨¦à¨à¨²à© ਵਾਤਾਵਰਣਾਠਵਿੱਠà¨à©à©à¨¹à© ਮਨà©à©±à¨à© ਸਥਿਤ੠ਦ੠à¨à©±à¨ ਪਰਿਵਰਤਨ ਦ੠ਰà©à¨ª ਵਿੱਠਦà©à¨à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©, à¨à¨²à¨¾à¨ ਲੱà¨à¨£ ਦ੠ਬà¨à¨¾à¨, à¨à©à¨à¨à¨°à¨¤à¨¾ ਠਪਾਹਠਲà©à¨à¨¾à¨ ਲਠਪਹà©à©°à¨, ਮਨà©à©±à¨à© ਠਧਿà¨à¨¾à¨°à¨¾à¨ ਠਤ੠à¨à©à¨¦à¨®à©à¨à¨¤à¨¿à¨à¨°à© ਨà©à©° ਵਧਾà¨à¨£ &#8216;ਤ੠ਧਿà¨à¨¨ à¨à©à¨à¨¦à©à¨°à¨¤ à¨à¨°à¨¦à© ਹਨ,</p>
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<p>										ਠਪਾਹਠਵਿਠà¨à¨¤à©à¨à¨ ਲਠਪਹà©à©°à¨ à¨à©±à¨ ਮਨà©à©±à¨à© ਠਤ੠ਮà©à¨²à¨¿à¨ ਠਧਿà¨à¨¾à¨° ਹà©: ਸà©à¨ªà¨°à©à¨® à¨à©à¨°à¨ ਦਾ ਫà©à¨¸à¨²à¨¾</p></div>
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<h4 class="sub_head">ਢਾà¨à¨à¨¾à¨à¨¤ ਸ਼à¨à¨¤à©à¨à¨ ਸਿਹਤ ਠਤ੠ਬਿਮਾਰ੠ਨà©à©° ਰà©à¨ª ਦਿੰਦà©à¨à¨ ਹਨ </h4>
<p>ਸਿਹਤ &#8216;ਤ੠ਸਮਾà¨à¨¿à¨ ਠਤ੠ਢਾà¨à¨à¨¾à¨à¨¤ ਪà©à¨°à¨à¨¾à¨µà¨¾à¨ &#8216;ਤ੠ਧਿà¨à¨¨ à¨à©à¨à¨¦à©à¨°à¨¤ à¨à¨°à¨à©, <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510383496" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">ਮà©à¨¡à©à¨à¨² ਸਮਾਠਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ ਵਿੱਠਮਹੱਤਵਪà©à¨°à¨¨ ਯà©à¨à¨¦à¨¾à¨¨ ਪਾà¨à¨ ਹà©</a> ਵੱà¨-ਵੱà¨, ਵਿਤà¨à¨°à©, à¨à¨°à©à¨¬à©, ਬà©à¨°à©à¨à¨¼à¨à¨¾à¨°à©, ਠਤ੠à¨à©±à¨ ਫੰਡ ਵਾਲ੠ਸà¨à©à¨²à¨¾à¨ ਵਰà¨à© ਮà©à©±à¨¦à¨¿à¨à¨ ਨà©à©° ਹੱਲ à¨à¨°à¨¨ ਵਾਲ੠ਪà©à¨°à©à¨à¨°à¨¾à¨®à¨¾à¨ ਲà¨à¥¤ </p>
<p>à¨à¨¦à¨¾à¨¹à¨°à¨¨ ਲà¨, ਨਸਲ੠ਸਿਹਤ ਠਸਮਾਨਤਾਵਾਠ&#8216;ਤ੠ਸਮਾà¨à¨¿à¨ à¨à©à¨ ਨà©à©° ਸੱਦਾ ਦਿੰਦਾ ਹ੠<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510383838" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">à¨à©à¨à¨à¨¢à© ਦà¨à¨²</a> à¨à© ਵਧ à¨à© à¨à©à¨µà¨¨ ਦ੠ਸਮà©à©±à¨à© à¨à©à¨£à¨µà©±à¨¤à¨¾ ਵਿੱਠਸà©à¨§à¨¾à¨° à¨à¨°à¨¨ ਵਿੱਠਮਦਦ à¨à¨° ਸà¨à¨¦à¨¾ ਹ੠<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://theconversation.com/free-school-meals-for-all-may-reduce-childhood-obesity-while-easing-financial-and-logistical-burdens-for-families-and-schools-223270" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">à¨à¨¿à¨«à¨¾à¨à¨¤à© ਪà©à¨¸à¨¼à¨à¨¿à¨ à¨à©à¨à¨¨ ਦ੠à¨à¨ªà¨²à¨¬à¨§à¨¤à¨¾</a><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://theconversation.com/what-is-food-insecurity-152746" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">ਵੰà¨à¨¿à¨¤ à¨à¨à¨¢-à¨à©à¨à¨à¨¢ ਵਿੱà¨</a> à¨à¨¾à¨ ਪਹਿਲ <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://theconversation.com/socioeconomic-status-explains-most-of-the-racial-and-ethnic-achievement-gaps-in-elementary-school-237931" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">ਸਿੱà¨à¨¿à¨ ਤੱਠਬਰਾਬਰ ਪਹà©à©°à¨ ਨà©à©° ਤਰà¨à©à¨¹ ਦਿà¨</a>ਸਮਾà¨à¨¿à¨ ਪੱਧਰ &#8216;ਤà©, <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510383496" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">ਵੱਡ੠ਪੱਧਰ &#8216;ਤ੠ਸਮਾà¨à¨¿à¨ ਨà©à¨¤à©à¨à¨</a> à¨à¨¿à¨µà©à¨ à¨à¨¿ à¨à¨¾à¨°à©°à¨à©à¨¸à¨¼à©à¨¦à¨¾ à¨à©±à¨à©-à¨à©±à¨ à¨à¨®à¨¦à¨¨ à¨à¨¾à¨ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਵਿà¨à¨ªà© ਸਿਹਤ ਦà©à¨à¨à¨¾à¨² ਸਿਹਤ ਠਸਮਾਨਤਾਵਾਠਨà©à©° ਨਾà¨à¨à© ਢੰਠਨਾਲ à¨à¨à¨¾ ਸà¨à¨¦à© ਹà©à¥¤ </p>
<p>ਮà©à¨¡à©à¨à¨² ਸਮਾਠਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ ਦ੠ਸਮਠਦਾ ਵ੠ਵਿਸਥਾਰ ਹà©à¨à¨ ਹ੠<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510383496" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">ਸਿਹਤ ਦà©à¨-ਰà©à¨ ਦà©à¨à¨ ਨà©à¨¤à©à¨à¨ ਸਿਹਤ ਨà©à©° à¨à¨¿à¨µà©à¨ ਪà©à¨°à¨à¨¾à¨µà¨¿à¨¤ à¨à¨°à¨¦à©à¨à¨ ਹਨ</a>à¨à¨¹ ਯà¨à©à¨¨à© ਬਣਾà¨à¨£ ਵਿੱਠਮਦਦ à¨à¨°à¨¨à¨¾ à¨à¨¿ ਨà©à¨¤à©à¨à¨¤ ਤਬਦà©à¨²à©à¨à¨ ਵਿà¨à¨ªà¨ ਸਮਾà¨à¨¿à¨ ਸੰਦਰਠਨà©à©° ਧਿà¨à¨¨ ਵਿੱਠਰੱà¨à¨¦à©à¨à¨ ਹਨ। à¨à¨¦à¨¾à¨¹à¨°à¨¨ ਲà¨, ਦਵਾਠਸਮਾà¨à¨ à¨à©à¨ ਦਾ à¨à©±à¨ ਪà©à¨°à¨®à©à©±à¨ à¨à©à¨¤à¨° ਹ੠<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510383504" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">ਵਧਦ੠ਲਾà¨à¨¤ ਠਤ੠ਸਿਹਤ ਸੰà¨à¨¾à¨² ਤੱਠਸà©à¨®à¨¤ ਪਹà©à©°à¨</a>à¨à©°à¨® ਦ੠à¨à¨¹ ਸੰਸਥਾ ਸਿਹਤ ਸà©à¨µà¨¾à¨µà¨¾à¨ ਪà©à¨°à¨¦à¨¾à¨¨ à¨à¨°à¨¨ ਦ੠à¨à©à©°à¨à¨²à¨¦à¨¾à¨° ਸਮਾà¨à¨ ਠਤ੠ਸੰà¨à¨ ਨਾਤਮਠà¨à¨¾à¨°à¨à¨¾à¨ &#8216;ਤ੠à¨à©à¨à¨¦à¨°à¨¿à¨¤ ਹà©, à¨à¨¹ ਵਧà©à¨°à© ਰਾਠਠਤ੠ਸੰà¨à© ਰà©à¨à©à¨²à©à¨à¨°à© ਨਿਯੰਤਰਣ ਦ੠ਲà©à© ਨà©à©° à¨à¨à¨¾à¨à¨° à¨à¨°à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©, ਨਾਲ ਹ੠à¨à¨¹à¨¨à¨¾à¨ ਸਮà©à¨¹à¨¾à¨ ਠਤ੠à¨à¨¾à¨à¨à¨¾à¨°à¨¿à¨à¨ ਵਿੱਠਨਿਵà©à¨¸à¨¼ à¨à¨¿à¨¨à©à¨¹à¨¾à¨ ਨà©à©° ਸਠਤà©à¨ ਵੱਧ ਦà©à¨à¨à¨¾à¨² ਦ੠ਲà©à© ਹà©à©°à¨¦à© ਹà©,</p>
<p>à¨à¨§à©à¨¨à¨¿à¨ ਮà©à¨¡à©à¨à¨² ਸਮਾਠਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ à¨à¨à¨°à¨à¨¾à¨° ਸਾਰ੠ਸਮਾà¨à¨¿à¨ ਮà©à©±à¨¦à¨¿à¨à¨ ਨà©à©° ਸਿਹਤ ਦ੠ਮà©à©±à¨¦à© ਮੰਨਦਾ ਹà©à¥¤ ਲà©à¨à¨¾à¨ ਦ੠ਸਿਹਤ ਠਤ੠ਤੰਦਰà©à¨¸à¨¤à© ਨà©à©° ਬਿਹਤਰ ਬਣਾà¨à¨£ ਲਠਸਿੱà¨à¨¿à¨, ਰà©à¨à¨¼à¨à¨¾à¨°, ਰਿਹਾà¨à¨¸à¨¼, à¨à¨µà¨¾à¨à¨¾à¨ ਠਤ੠ਹà©à¨° ਸਮਾà¨à¨¿à¨, à¨à¨°à¨¥à¨¿à¨ ਠਤ੠ਰਾà¨à¨¨à©à¨¤à¨¿à¨ ਨà©à¨¤à©à¨à¨ ਵਿੱਠਸà©à¨§à¨¾à¨°à¨¾à¨ ਦ੠ਲà©à© ਹà©à©°à¨¦à© ਹà©à¥¤</p>
<p><i> (à¨à©à¨¨à©à¨«à¨° ਸਿੰà¨, ਸਮਾਠਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ ਦ੠à¨à¨¸à©à¨¸à©à¨à¨ ਪà©à¨°à©à¨«à©à¨¸à¨°, à¨à¨¾à¨°à¨à©à¨ à¨à©°à¨¸à¨à©à¨à¨¿à¨à¨ à¨à¨« à¨à©à¨à¨¨à¨¾à¨²à©à¨à©)</i></p>
<p><i>(à¨à¨¹ ਲà©à¨ à¨à¨°à©à¨à¨à¨¿à¨µ à¨à¨¾à¨®à¨¨à¨à¨¼ ਲਾà¨à¨¸à©°à¨¸ ਦ੠ਤਹਿਤ à¨à©±à¨²à¨¬à¨¾à¨¤ ਤà©à¨ ਮà©à© ਪà©à¨°à¨à¨¾à¨¸à¨¼à¨¿à¨¤ à¨à©à¨¤à¨¾ à¨à¨¿à¨ ਹà©à¥¤ ਮà©à¨² ਲà©à¨ à¨à©±à¨¥à© ਪà©à©à¨¹à©: <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://theconversation.com/illness-is-more-than-just-biological-medical-sociology-shows-how-social-factors-get-under-the-skin-and-cause-disease-270258" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">https://theconversation.com/illness-is-more-than-just-biological-medical-sociology-shows-how-social-factors-get-under-the-skin-and-cause-disease-270258</a>,</i></p>
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 totalPcount = totalPcount || [];if (totalPcount.length > 0 && isDeviceEnabled("small") && Number.isInteger(15) && totalPcount.length >= (14 + 3)) var container = document.createElement("div");
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</div>
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ਬਿਮਾਰੀ ਕੇਵਲ ਜੀਵ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨਕ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ ਹੈ – ਡਾਕਟਰੀ ਸਮਾਜ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ ਇਹ ਦਰਸਾਉਂਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਸਮਾਜਿਕ ਕਾਰਕ ਚਮੜੀ ਦੇ ਹੇਠਾਂ ਆਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ ਅਤੇ ਬਿਮਾਰੀ ਦਾ ਕਾਰਨ ਬਣਦੇ ਹਨ।

