<h2 class="sub-title">à¨à©à¨°à¨¹à¨¿ ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨ ਠਤ੠à¨à©à¨à¨à©à¨²à©à¨¿à¨à¨¿à¨à¨¸ ਦ੠ਵਿਸ਼੠ਹà©à©°à¨¦à© ਹਨ à¨à© ਬà©à¨°à¨¹à¨¿à¨®à©°à¨¡ ਦ੠ਵੱਠਵੱਠਪਹਿਲà©à¨à¨ ਦਾ ਪਤਾ ਲà¨à¨¾à¨à¨à¨¦à© ਹਨ, ਪਰ ਬਹà©à¨¤ à¨à©à¨ ਹà©à©°à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©.</h2>
<p></p>
<div id="content-body-70111564" class="articlebodycontent col-xl-9 col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-12">
<div class="schemaDiv" id="schemaDiv" itemprop="articleBody">
<p><span class="drop-caps">à¨à¨®</span>à¨à¨¿à¨¸à© ਵ੠ਵਿਦਿà¨à¨°à¨¥à© ਨà©à©° à¨à¨¸à¨¦à© à¨à¨²à© ਦà©à¨à¨²à© ਦ੠ਦà©à¨¨à©à¨à¨ ਬਾਰ੠ਸਿੱà¨à¨£ ਲਠà¨à©±à¨ à¨à¨®à¨¾à¨à¨¦à¨°à© ਡਰਾà¨à¨µ ਹà©. à¨à¨¦à¨¾à¨¹à¨°à¨£ ਦ੠ਲà¨, à¨à©à¨£à©à¨¤à©à¨à¨ ਦ੠ਨਾà¨à¨à© ਦ੠à¨à©à¨ à¨à¨¿à¨µà©à¨ à¨à¨¿ ਤਾਰਾ, à¨à©à¨²à¨¾à¨, à¨à©±à¨ªà©à¨¾à¨ ਠਤ੠à¨à¨²à©à¨¬à¨² à¨à¨²à¨µà¨¾à¨¯à© ਵਿà¨à¨¨. ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨à¨ à¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨ ਤà©à¨² ਨà©à©° ਨਿਰਵਿਵਾਦ ਪਿà¨à¨¸ ਲਠਪà©à¨°à©à¨°à¨¿à¨¤ à¨à¨°à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©, à¨à© à¨à¨¿ à¨à©à¨à¨à©à¨ªà©à¨²à¨¿à¨à¨¾à¨ ਦà©à¨à¨ ਪà©à¨à©à¨¦à¨à©à¨à¨ ਦ੠ਰਹੱਸਾਠਠਤ੠ਡà©à©°à¨à¨¾à¨ ਦ੠ਰਹੱਸਾਠਨà©à©° à¨à¨à¨¾à¨à¨° à¨à¨°à¨¨ ਲਠਪà©à¨°à©à¨°à¨¿à¨¤ à¨à¨°à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©. ਸਾਡਾ ਬà©à¨°à¨¹à¨¿à¨®à©°à¨¡ ਠਨੰਤ ਠਤ੠à¨à©à©°à¨à¨²à¨¦à¨¾à¨° ਹà©, ਬਿਨਾਠà¨à©à¨¦ ਪà©à¨°à¨¾à¨ªà¨¤ à¨à¨°à¨¨ ਦ੠à¨à¨¡à©à¨ à¨à¨° ਸà¨à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©. ਪà©à¨²à¨¾à© ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨ ਠਤ੠ਧਰਤ੠ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨ ਠਤ੠ਧਰਤ੠ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨ ਵਿੱਠà¨à©à¨°à¨¹à¨¿ ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨ ਠਤ੠à¨à¨¿à¨à¨«à¨¿à¨¸à¨¿à¨à¨¸ ਦ੠à¨à¨à¨°à¨¸à¨¼à¨ ਵਿਸ਼੠ਹਨ à¨à© ਬà©à¨°à¨¹à¨¿à¨®à©°à¨¡ ਦ੠ਵੱਠਵੱਠਪਹਿਲà©à¨à¨ ਦਾ ਪਤਾ ਲà¨à¨¾à¨à¨à¨¦à© ਹਨ. ਦ੠ਵੱà¨-ਵੱਠà¨à©à¨°à¨¸ ਹà©à¨£ ਦ੠ਬਾਵà¨à©à¨¦, à¨à¨¨à©à¨¹à¨¾à¨ à¨à©à¨² ਠà¨à¨¸à¨° ਬਹà©à¨¤ à¨à¨¼à¨¿à¨à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©à©°à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©. à¨à¨ ਦ੠à¨à©à¨¤à¨°à¨¾à¨ ਦਾ ਪਤਾ à¨à¨°à©à¨ ਠਤ੠à¨à¨¨à©à¨¹à¨¾à¨ ਦ੠à¨à¨¾à¨¸ ਫà©à¨à¨¸, ਵਿਦਿਠਠà¨à¨¾à¨²à¨¾à¨ ਠਤ੠à¨à¨°à©à¨ ਰ ਦ੠ਮà©à¨à¨¿à¨à¨ &#8216;ਤ੠ਧਿà¨à¨¨ à¨à©à¨à¨¦à¨°à¨¿à¨¤ à¨à¨°à©à¨.</p>
<h4 class="sub_head">ਫà©à¨à¨¸ à¨à©à¨¤à¨°</h4>
<p>à¨à©à¨°à¨¹à¨¿ ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨, à¨à¨¿à¨¸ ਨà©à©° ਪਲà©à¨¨à©à¨à©à¨²à©à¨à© ਵ੠à¨à¨¿à¨¹à¨¾ à¨à¨¾à¨à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©, à¨à¨ à¨à©°à¨à¨°à¨¸à¨¾à¨à¨à¨¸à©à¨²à¨¿à¨¨à¨¿à¨µ à¨à©à¨¤à¨° ਹ੠à¨à© à¨à©à¨°à¨¹à¨¿, à¨à©°à¨¦à¨°à¨®à¨¾, ਤਾਰਾà¨, à¨à¨®à©à¨¨à¨¾à¨ ਠਤ੠ਹà©à¨° à¨à¨à©à¨² ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨ ਸਰà©à¨° ਦਾ ਠਧਿà¨à¨¨ à¨à¨°à¨¨ &#8216;ਤ੠à¨à©à¨à¨¦à©à¨°à¨¤ à¨à¨°à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©. à¨à¨¹ ਪà©à¨²à¨¾à© ਦ੠à¨à©à¨ &#8216;ਤ੠ਪà©à¨°à¨«à©à©±à¨²à¨¤ ਹà©à©°à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©, ਮà©à©±à¨ ਤà©à¨°&#8217; ਤ੠ਪà©à¨²à¨¾à© ਯਾਨ, à¨à©à¨²à©à¨¸à¨à©à¨ª ਠਤ੠à¨à¨¡à¨µà¨¾à¨à¨¸à¨¡ ਰਿਮà©à¨ ਸà©à¨à¨¸à¨¿à©°à¨ à¨à©à¨à¨¨à¨¾à¨²à©à¨à©à¨à¨ ਦ੠ਡà©à¨à¨¾ &#8216;ਤà©. à¨à¨¹ à¨à¨ªà¨à¨°à¨£ à¨à¨¤à¨¿à¨¹à¨¾à¨¸ ਠਤ੠ਦਿਮਾà¨à© ਸੰਸਥਾਵਾਠਦ੠à¨à¨¤à¨¿à¨¹à¨¾à¨¸ ਠਤ੠à¨à¨¤à©à¨¸à¨¼à©à¨²à¨¤à¨¾ ਵਿੱਠਠਨਮà©à¨² ਸਮਠਪà©à¨°à¨¦à¨¾à¨¨ à¨à¨°à¨¦à© ਹਨ. à¨à¨¦à¨¾à¨¹à¨°à¨£ ਦ੠ਲà¨, à¨à¨¾à¨°à¨¤ ਦ੠ਮੰà¨à¨²-ਬਵਾਦ੠ਮਿਸ਼ਨ (ਮੰਮà©) à¨à¨¾à¨ ਮੰà¨à¨²à¨¯à¨¾à¨¨ (2013) ਮੰà¨à¨² ਦ੠à¨à¨²à©-ਦà©à¨à¨²à© à¨à©à©°à¨®à¨¦à© ਹਨ ਠਤ੠ਮਾਰà¨à©à¨ ਨ ਸਤਹ ਦà©à¨à¨ ਵਿਸ਼à©à¨¸à¨¼à¨¤à¨¾à¨µà¨¾à¨ &#8216;ਤ੠à¨à©à¨®à¨¤à© ਡà©à¨à¨¾ ਪà©à¨°à¨¦à¨¾à¨¨ à¨à¨°à¨¦à© ਹਨ.</p>
<p>à¨à¨¹ ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨ ਸà©à¨²à¨° ਪà©à¨°à¨£à¨¾à¨²à©à¨à¨ ਦ੠ਠੰਦਰ à¨à¨à©à¨²-ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨ ਦ੠ਵਿà¨à¨¾à¨¸, ਰà¨à¨¨à¨¾, ਵਿà¨à¨¾à¨¸, ਵਿà¨à¨¾à¨¸ ਠਤ੠à¨à¨ªà¨¸à© ਦ੠à¨à¨¾à¨à¨ à¨à¨°à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©, ਤਾਠà¨à¨¸ ਦ੠ਸà¨à©à¨ª ਨà©à©° ਸਾਡ੠à¨à¨²à©à¨à¨¸à© ਤà©à¨ ਪਰ੠ਤਾਰਿà¨à¨ ਦ੠ਦà©à¨à¨²à© à¨à©à©°à¨®à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©. ਠਧਿà¨à¨¨ ਵਿਠà¨à©à¨à¨à¨¦à© ਸੰਸਾਰ ਠਤ੠ਠਲà©à¨à¨¿à¨ à¨à¨¼à¨¿à©°à¨¦à¨à© ਦ੠ਯà©à¨à¨¤à¨¾ ਵ੠ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਹà©.
</p>
<p>à¨à©-ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨à¨, à¨à¨¸à¨¦à© à¨à¨²à¨, ਧਰਤ੠ਠਤ੠ਹà©à¨° à¨à©à¨°à¨¹à¨¿ ਦ੠à¨à©à¨£à¨¾à¨ ਦ੠à¨à©à¨¤à¨¿à¨ ਪà©à¨°à¨à¨¿à¨°à¨¿à¨à¨µà¨¾à¨ ਠਤ੠à¨à©à¨£à¨¾à¨ ਨਾਲ ਸਬੰਧਤ ਹà©. à¨à¨¹ à¨à¨¨à©à¨¹à¨¾à¨ ਤਾà¨à¨¤à¨¾à¨ ਦਾ ਠਧਿà¨à¨¨ à¨à¨°à¨¨ ਵਾਲਾ ਹ੠ਠਤ੠à¨à¨à¨¨à¨¾à¨µà¨¾à¨ ਦਾ ਠਧਿà¨à¨¨ à¨à¨°à¨¨à¨¾ à¨à© à¨à©à¨°à¨¹à¨¿ ਦ੠ਸਤà©à¨¹à¨¾ ਨà©à©° ਠਤ੠à¨à¨¸à¨¦à© ਵਾਤਾਵਰਣ ਦ੠ਠੰਦਰਲ੠ਹਿੱਸ੠ਨà©à©° ਰà©à¨ª ਦਿੰਦ੠ਹਨ. à¨à¨¦à©à¨ à¨à¨¿ à¨à©à¨°à¨¹à¨¿ ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨ ਬà©à¨°à¨¹à¨¿à¨®à©°à¨¡ ਵਿਠਬਾਹਰ ਵੱਲ à¨à©à©°à¨®à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©, ਤਾਠà¨à¨¿à¨à¨«à¨¿à¨¸à¨¿à¨¸à¨¿à¨¸ ਠੰਦਰà©à¨¨à© à¨à©à¨à¨¾à¨² ਦ੠à¨à¨¤à©à¨µà¨¿à¨§à©, à¨à©à©°à¨¬à¨à© ਫà©à¨²à¨¡, à¨à©à¨à¨à©à¨¨à¨¿à¨ ਲਹਿਰਾਠਠਤ੠à¨à©à¨°à©à¨¤à¨¾ ਦà©à¨à¨ ਹਰà¨à¨¤à¨¾à¨ ਦ੠à¨à¨¾à¨à¨ à¨à¨°à¨¦à© ਹਨ. à¨à¨¹ ਮà©à©±à¨ ਤà©à¨° &#8216;ਤ੠ਧਰਤ੠ਦà©à¨à¨ ਵਿਸ਼à©à¨¸à¨¼à¨¤à¨¾à¨µà¨¾à¨ ਠਤ੠à¨à¨¤à©à¨µà¨¿à¨§à©à¨à¨ ਦ੠à¨à¨¾à¨à¨ à¨à¨°à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©, à¨à©à¨à¨¾à¨²à¨¾à¨ ਸਮà©à¨¤ ਬਾਹਰ੠à¨à©à¨°, à¨à©à©°à¨¬à¨à© ਫà©à¨²à¨¡, à¨à©à©°à¨¬à¨à© ਸਰਵà©à¨à¨£ ਠਤ੠ਸà©à¨à©à¨²à¨¾à¨à¨ ਦ੠à¨à¨¾à¨£à¨à¨¾à¨°à©. à¨à¨¹ ਸਠਧਰਤ੠ਦà©à¨à¨ ਪà©à¨°à¨à¨¿à¨°à¨¿à¨à¨µà¨¾à¨ ਦ੠ਡà©à©°à¨à© ਸਮਠਪà©à¨°à¨¦à¨¾à¨¨ à¨à¨°à¨¦à¨¾ ਹ੠ਠਤ੠ਪà©à¨°à©à¨à¨à©à¨à¨² à¨à¨ªà¨²à©à¨à©à¨¸à¨¼à¨¨à¨¾à¨ ਪà©à¨°à¨¦à¨¾à¨¨ à¨à¨°à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©, à¨à¨¿à¨µà©à¨ à¨à¨¿ à¨à¨µà¨¿à©±à¨à¨¬à¨¾à¨£à© à¨à©à¨¦à¨°à¨¤à© à¨à¨«à¨¼à¨¤à¨¾à¨, à¨à¨£à¨¿à¨ ਸਰà©à¨¤à¨¾à¨ ਦ੠ਪà¨à¨¾à¨£ à¨à¨°à¨¨à¨¾ ਠਤ੠ਵਾਤਾਵਰਣਠਤਬਦà©à¨²à©à¨à¨ ਦਾ ਪà©à¨°à¨¬à©°à¨§à¨¨ à¨à¨°à¨¨à¨¾.</p>
<p>à¨à¨¿à¨à¨«à¨¿à¨¸à¨¿à¨à¨¸ ਵ੠ਹà©à¨° à¨à¨à©à¨²-ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨ ਦ੠ਸੰਸਥਾਵਾਠਦ੠ਪà©à¨¤à¨¾à¨² à¨à¨°à¨¦à© ਹਨ. à¨à¨¦à¨¾à¨¹à¨°à¨£ ਦ੠ਲà¨, ਮੰà¨à¨¾à¨ ਨà©à©° ਨਾਸਾ ਦ੠ਸà©à¨ ਦ੠ਵਰਤà©à¨ à¨à©à¨°à¨¹à¨¿ ਦ੠à¨à©à¨¦à¨²à© à¨à¨¤à©à¨µà¨¿à¨§à© ਦਾ ਠਧਿà¨à¨¨ à¨à¨°à¨¨ ਦ੠à¨à©-ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨à¨ methods à©°à¨à¨¾à¨ ਦ੠ਵਰਤà©à¨ à¨à¨°à¨¦à©, à¨à¨¸ ਦ੠à¨à¨¾à¨²à©, à¨à©à©à© ਠਤ੠à¨à©à¨° ਤ੠ਮਹੱਤਵਪà©à¨°à¨£ ਡà©à¨à¨¾ ਪà©à¨°à¨¦à¨¾à¨¨ à¨à¨°à¨¦à© ਹਨ. à¨à¨¸à© ਤਰà©à¨¹à¨¾à¨, ਯà©à¨°à¨ªà©à¨ ਵਰà¨à© structure ਾà¨à¨à© ਠਤ੠ਠੰਦਰà©à¨¨à© ਨà©à©° ਸਮà¨à¨£ ਲਠà¨à©-ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨à¨ ਤà¨à¨¨à©à¨à¨¾à¨ ਮਹੱਤਵਪà©à¨°à¨£ ਹਨ.</p>
<h4 class="sub_head">ਵਿਦਿਠਠਮਾਰà¨</h4>
<p>à¨à©à¨°à¨¹à¨¿ ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨ ਵਿੱਠà¨à©à¨°à©à¨ ਰ ਲਠà¨à¨¾à¨¹à¨µà¨¾à¨¨ ਵਿਦਿà¨à¨°à¨¥à©à¨à¨ ਲà¨, à¨à©à¨¤à¨¿à¨ ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨ ਵਿੱਠà¨à©±à¨ ਬà©à¨à¨²à¨° ਦ੠ਡਿà¨à¨°à©, à¨à¨à©à¨² ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨, à¨à¨¾à¨ à¨à¨à©à¨² ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨ à¨à©±à¨ ਸ਼ਾਨਦਾਰ ਫਾà¨à¨à¨¡à©à¨¸à¨¼à¨¨ ਹà©. ਬਹà©à¨¤ ਸਾਰ੠ਯà©à¨°à¨ªà©à¨ ਨ ਦà©à¨¸à¨¼ (à¨à¨¿à¨µà©à¨ à¨à¨¿ à¨à¨°à¨®à¨¨à©) ਠਤ੠ਠਮà©à¨°à©à¨à¨¨ à¨à©à¨°à¨¹à¨¿ ਸਮਰਪਿਤ ਮਾਲਠਦà©à¨à¨ ਡਿà¨à¨°à©à¨à¨ ਪà©à¨¸à¨¼ à¨à¨°à¨¦à© ਹਨ. à¨à©à¨°à©à¨à©à¨à¨ à¨à©°à¨à¨°à¨¨à©à¨¸à¨¼à¨¨à¨¸à¨¼à¨¿à¨ªà¨¾à¨ ਠਤ੠à¨à©à¨ ਦ੠ਮà©à¨à© à¨à¨¸à¨¼à¨°à© ਠਤ੠ਨਾਸਾ ਵਰà¨à© ਵੱਡà©à¨à¨ ਸੰਸਥਾਵਾਠਵਿੱਠà¨à¨ªà¨²à¨¬à¨§ ਹਨ. à¨à©à¨°à©à¨ ਰ ਦ੠ਮà©à¨à© ਸਪà©à¨¸ à¨à¨à©°à¨¸à©à¨à¨, à¨à¨°à©à¨¸à¨ªà©à¨¸ à¨à©°à¨à©à¨¨à©à¨ ਰਿੰਠਫਰਮਾਠà¨à¨¾à¨ ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨ ਸੰà¨à¨¾à¨°, à¨à©à¨ ਠਤ੠ਡà©à¨à¨¾ ਸਾà¨à©°à¨¸ ਵਿੱਠà¨à¨ªà¨²à¨¬à¨§ ਹਨ.</p>
<p>à¨à¨¿à¨à¨«à¨¾à¨à¨à¨¸à¨¿à¨ ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨ ਵਿੱਠਦਿਲà¨à¨¸à¨ªà© ਰੱà¨à¨£ ਵਾਲਿà¨à¨ ਲà¨, à¨à¨¿à¨à¨«à¨¿à¨¸à¨¿à¨à¨¸, à¨à©-ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨, ਧਰਤ੠ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨, à¨à¨¾à¨ à¨à©à¨¤à¨¿à¨ ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨ ਵਿੱਠà¨à©±à¨ ਬà©à¨à¨²à¨° ਦ੠ਡਿà¨à¨°à© à¨à©±à¨ ਮà¨à¨¼à¨¬à©à¨¤ ​​ਸ਼à©à¨°à©à¨à¨¤à© ਸ਼à©à¨°à©à¨à¨¤à© ਸ਼à©à¨°à©à¨à¨¤à© ਸ਼à©à¨°à©à¨à¨¤ ਹ੠ਸà¨à¨¦à© ਹà©. à¨à©à¨°à©à¨à©à¨à¨ ਮਾਸà¨à¨° ਦ੠ਡਿà¨à¨°à© &#8216;ਤ੠à¨à¨¾à¨¬à¨à¨¼ à¨à¨° ਸà¨à¨¦à© ਹਨ ਠਤ੠ਵਿਸ਼à©à¨¸à¨¼ ਸੰਸਥਾਵਾਠਵਿਠਤà¨à¨¨à©à¨à© à¨à©à¨ à¨à¨° ਸà¨à¨¦à© ਹਨ. à¨à©à¨°à©à¨ ਰ ਦ੠ਮà©à¨à©, ਸਰà¨à¨¾à¨°à© à¨à¨à©°à¨¸à©à¨à¨ (à¨à©-ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨à¨ ਸਰਵà©à¨à¨£), ਡà©à¨® ਠਤ੠ਬà©à¨¨à¨¿à¨à¨¦à© ਪà©à¨°à¨¾à¨à©à¨à¨, ਵੱà¨-ਵੱਠà¨à©à¨ à¨à©à¨¤à¨°à¨¾à¨ ਲਠਡà©à¨¬à©à¨°à¨¾à©±à¨à¨¼ ਮà©à¨¨à©à¨à¨®à©à¨à¨ ਠਤ੠à¨à©à¨ ਤà¨à¨¨à©à¨à© à¨à¨¾à¨à¨.</p>
<p>à¨à©à¨°à¨¹à¨¿ ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨ ਠਤ੠à¨à¨¿à¨à¨«à¨¿à¨¸à¨¿à¨à¨¸ à¨à¨ªà¨¸ ਵਿੱਠà¨à©à©à© ਹà©à©°à¨¦à©à¨à¨ ਹਨ à¨à© ਠà¨à© ਵ੠ਵੱà¨-ਵੱਠà¨à©à¨¤à¨° ਹਨ à¨à© ਬà©à¨°à¨¹à¨¿à¨®à©°à¨¡ ਲਠਪà©à¨°à¨ ਪਹà©à©°à¨ ਪà©à¨°à¨¦à¨¾à¨¨ à¨à¨°à¨¦à© ਹਨ. à¨à¨¨à©à¨¹à¨¾à¨ ਦ੠ਵਿਲੱà¨à¨£ ਤਾà¨à¨¤ ਨà©à©° à¨à©à© à¨à©, à¨à¨¹ ਵਿਸ਼੠ਮਨà©à©±à¨à© à¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨ ਦà©à¨à¨ ਸà©à¨®à¨¾à¨µà¨¾à¨, ਸਾਡ੠à¨à©à¨°à¨¹à¨¿ ਦ੠ਠੰਦਰ-ਠੰਦਰ ਠਤ੠à¨à¨¸ ਤà©à¨ ਪਰ੠ਬà©à¨°à¨¹à¨¿à¨®à©°à¨¡ ਨà©à©° ਸਮà¨à¨£ ਲਠਸਾਡ੠à¨à©à¨ ਵਿਠà¨à¨¤à¨¸à©à¨à¨¤à¨¾ ਠਤ੠ਨਵà©à¨¨à¨¤à¨¾ ਨà©à©° ਵਧਾà¨à¨à¨¦à© ਹਨ.</p>
<p>ਲà©à¨à¨ à¨à¨¾à¨«à¨¼ ਸ਼ਿਵ ਨਾਦਰ ਸà¨à©à¨² ਦਾ ਮà©à¨à© ਹà©.</p>
</div>
<div class="articleblock-container" id="arthardpv"></div>
<div class="update-publish-time article-published-time-end"></div>
<div class="comments-shares share-page flex print-hide" data-artid="70111564" data-title="What is the difference between Planetary Science and Geophysics?" data-url="https://www.thehindu.com/education/what-is-the-difference-between-planetary-science-and-geophysics/article70111564.ece">
<div class="left">
<div class="share">
<ul class="share-list bottom" style="display: none;">
<li class="copy-link" onclick="if (!window.__cfRLUnblockHandlers) return false; copytext('https://www.thehindu.com/education/what-is-the-difference-between-planetary-science-and-geophysics/article70111564.ece');" data-cf-modified-4ce720969ffcde9d9bced45d-="">
<p> à¨à¨¾à¨ªà© à¨à¨°à© ਲਿੰਠ</p>
</li>
<li class="email">
<p> à¨à¨®à©à¨² </p>
</li>
<li class="facebook" onclick="if (!window.__cfRLUnblockHandlers) return false; openShareLink('https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Feducation%2Fwhat-is-the-difference-between-planetary-science-and-geophysics%2Farticle70111564.ece&;t=What%20is%20the%20difference%20between%20Planetary%20Science%20and%20Geophysics%3F')" data-cf-modified-4ce720969ffcde9d9bced45d-="">
<p> ਫà©à¨¸à¨¬à©à©±à¨ </p>
</li>
<li class="twitter" onclick="if (!window.__cfRLUnblockHandlers) return false; openShareLink('https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Feducation%2Fwhat-is-the-difference-between-planetary-science-and-geophysics%2Farticle70111564.ece&;text=What%20is%20the%20difference%20between%20Planetary%20Science%20and%20Geophysics%3F')" data-cf-modified-4ce720969ffcde9d9bced45d-="">
<p> à¨à¨µà¨¿à©±à¨à¨° </p>
</li>
<li class="telegram" onclick="if (!window.__cfRLUnblockHandlers) return false; openShareLink('https://t.me/share/url?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Feducation%2Fwhat-is-the-difference-between-planetary-science-and-geophysics%2Farticle70111564.ece&;text=What%20is%20the%20difference%20between%20Planetary%20Science%20and%20Geophysics%3F')" data-cf-modified-4ce720969ffcde9d9bced45d-="">
<p> ਤਾਰ </p>
</li>
<li class="in" onclick="if (!window.__cfRLUnblockHandlers) return false; openShareLink('https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Feducation%2Fwhat-is-the-difference-between-planetary-science-and-geophysics%2Farticle70111564.ece&;title=What%20is%20the%20difference%20between%20Planetary%20Science%20and%20Geophysics%3F')" data-cf-modified-4ce720969ffcde9d9bced45d-="">
<p> ਲਿੰà¨à¨¡à¨à¨¨ </p>
</li>
<li class="whatsapp" onclick="if (!window.__cfRLUnblockHandlers) return false; openShareLink('https://api.whatsapp.com//send?text=What%20is%20the%20difference%20between%20Planetary%20Science%20and%20Geophysics%3F%20-%20https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Feducation%2Fwhat-is-the-difference-between-planetary-science-and-geophysics%2Farticle70111564.ece')" data-cf-modified-4ce720969ffcde9d9bced45d-="">
<p> ਵà¨à¨¸à¨à¨ª</p>
</li>
<li class="reddit" onclick="if (!window.__cfRLUnblockHandlers) return false; openShareLink('https://reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Feducation%2Fwhat-is-the-difference-between-planetary-science-and-geophysics%2Farticle70111564.ece&;title=What%20is%20the%20difference%20between%20Planetary%20Science%20and%20Geophysics%3F')" data-cf-modified-4ce720969ffcde9d9bced45d-="">
<p> reddit </p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="right">
<div class="read-later"><button class="btn read-later-btn" data-articleid="70111564" style="display:none" data-ga-labelclick="ReadLater"><span>ਬਾਠਦ ਵਿਠਪà©à©à¨¹à©</span></button></p>
<div class="delete-tool-tip" style="display: none;">
<p> ਸਾਰ੠ਵà©à¨à©<br />
 <span class="delete bookmarkdelete"><br />
 ਹà¨à¨¾à¨à¨£<br />
 </span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="spliter pt-0 mb-0 print-hide"></div>
<div class="article-ad two-side text-ad print-hide">
<div class="ad-text" id="artproduct2" style="display: none;"></div>
</div>
<p><script data-cfasync="false">var totalPcount = document.querySelectorAll(".articlebodycontent>.schemaDiv>p")
if(totalPcount.length > 1)
 insertElementEnd(totalPcount[1],createElementScript("div","","artmeterpv"))
else
 insertElementbegin(document.querySelector(".articlebodycontent .schemaDiv"),createElementScript("div","","artmeterpv"))
</script></p>
<div class="d-none d-lg-block d-xl-block"><script data-cfasync="false">
 totalPcount = totalPcount || [];if (isDeviceEnabled("large")) var container = document.createElement("div");
 container.className = "article-ad";container.appendChild(createElementScript("div", "dfp-ad articleinlinead", "Desktop_AT_Mid01", minHeight: '90px'));
 insertElementEnd(totalPcount[1 - 1], container)
 </script><!-- Begin DFP : /22390678/TH_Desktop_AT_Mid01, publisher: The Hindu --><script data-cfasync="false">userIdentify.then(function() 
 if(isDeviceEnabled("large") && isNonSubcribedUser()) googletag.cmd.push(function() googletag.display('Desktop_AT_Mid01'););
 );</script><!-- End DFP : /22390678/TH_Desktop_AT_Mid01, publisher: The Hindu --><script data-cfasync="false">
 totalPcount = totalPcount || [];if (isDeviceEnabled("large")) var container = document.createElement("div");
 container.className = "article-ad";container.appendChild(createElementScript("div", "dfp-ad articleinlinead", "Desktop_Inarticle_1x1", minHeight: '250px'));
 insertElementEnd(totalPcount[3 - 1], container)
 </script><!-- Begin DFP : /22390678/Hindu_Desktop_Inarticle_1x1, publisher: The Hindu --><script data-cfasync="false">userIdentify.then(function() 
 if(isDeviceEnabled("large") && isNonSubcribedUser()) googletag.cmd.push(function() googletag.display('Desktop_Inarticle_1x1'););
 );</script><!-- End DFP : /22390678/Hindu_Desktop_Inarticle_1x1, publisher: The Hindu --><script data-cfasync="false">
 totalPcount = totalPcount || [];if (totalPcount.length > 0 && isDeviceEnabled("large") && Number.isInteger(6) && totalPcount.length >= (5 + 3)) var container = document.createElement("div");
 container.className = "article-ad";container.appendChild(createElementScript("div", "dfp-ad articleinlinead", "Desktop_AT_Mid02", minHeight: '90px'));
 insertElementEnd(totalPcount[6 - 1], container)
 </script><!-- Begin DFP : /22390678/TH_Desktop_AT_Mid02, publisher: The Hindu --><script data-cfasync="false">if (totalPcount.length > 0 && Number.isInteger(6) && totalPcount.length >= (5 + 3)) if (isDeviceEnabled("large")) googletag.cmd.push(function() 
 googletag.defineSlot('/22390678/TH_Desktop_AT_Mid02', [728, 90], 'Desktop_AT_Mid02').addService(googletag.pubads());
 );
 userIdentify.then(function() 
 if (isDeviceEnabled("large") && isNonSubcribedUser() && totalPcount.length > 0 && Number.isInteger(6) && totalPcount.length >= (5 + 3)) googletag.cmd.push(function() googletag.display('Desktop_AT_Mid02'););
 );</script><!-- End DFP : /22390678/TH_Desktop_AT_Mid02, publisher: The Hindu --><script data-cfasync="false">
 totalPcount = totalPcount || [];if (totalPcount.length > 0 && isDeviceEnabled("large") && Number.isInteger(9) && totalPcount.length >= (8 + 3)) var container = document.createElement("div");
 container.className = "article-ad";container.appendChild(createElementScript("div", "dfp-ad articleinlinead", "Desktop_AT_Mid03", minHeight: '90px'));
 insertElementEnd(totalPcount[9 - 1], container)
 </script><!-- Begin DFP : /22390678/TH_Desktop_AT_Mid03, publisher: The Hindu --><script data-cfasync="false">if (totalPcount.length > 0 && Number.isInteger(9) && totalPcount.length >= (8 + 3)) if (isDeviceEnabled("large")) googletag.cmd.push(function() 
 googletag.defineSlot('/22390678/TH_Desktop_AT_Mid03', [728, 90], 'Desktop_AT_Mid03').addService(googletag.pubads());
 );
 userIdentify.then(function() 
 if (isDeviceEnabled("large") && isNonSubcribedUser() && totalPcount.length > 0 && Number.isInteger(9) && totalPcount.length >= (8 + 3)) googletag.cmd.push(function() googletag.display('Desktop_AT_Mid03'););
 );</script><!-- End DFP : /22390678/TH_Desktop_AT_Mid03, publisher: The Hindu --><script data-cfasync="false">
 totalPcount = totalPcount || [];if (totalPcount.length > 0 && isDeviceEnabled("large") && Number.isInteger(12) && totalPcount.length >= (11 + 3)) var container = document.createElement("div");
 container.className = "article-ad";container.appendChild(createElementScript("div", "dfp-ad articleinlinead", "Desktop_AT_Mid04", minHeight: '90px'));
 insertElementEnd(totalPcount[12 - 1], container)
 </script><!-- Begin DFP : /22390678/TH_Desktop_AT_Mid04, publisher: The Hindu --><script data-cfasync="false">if (totalPcount.length > 0 && Number.isInteger(12) && totalPcount.length >= (11 + 3)) if (isDeviceEnabled("large")) googletag.cmd.push(function() 
 googletag.defineSlot('/22390678/TH_Desktop_AT_Mid04', [728, 90], 'Desktop_AT_Mid04').addService(googletag.pubads());
 );
 userIdentify.then(function() 
 if (isDeviceEnabled("large") && isNonSubcribedUser() && totalPcount.length > 0 && Number.isInteger(12) && totalPcount.length >= (11 + 3)) googletag.cmd.push(function() googletag.display('Desktop_AT_Mid04'););
 );</script><!-- End DFP : /22390678/TH_Desktop_AT_Mid04, publisher: The Hindu --><script data-cfasync="false">
 totalPcount = totalPcount || [];if (totalPcount.length > 0 && isDeviceEnabled("large") && Number.isInteger(15) && totalPcount.length >= (14 + 3)) var container = document.createElement("div");
 container.className = "article-ad";container.appendChild(createElementScript("div", "dfp-ad articleinlinead", "Desktop_AT_Mid05", minHeight: '90px'));
 insertElementEnd(totalPcount[15 - 1], container)
 </script><!-- Begin DFP : /22390678/TH_Desktop_AT_Mid05, publisher: The Hindu --><script data-cfasync="false">if (totalPcount.length > 0 && Number.isInteger(15) && totalPcount.length >= (14 + 3)) if (isDeviceEnabled("large")) googletag.cmd.push(function() 
 googletag.defineSlot('/22390678/TH_Desktop_AT_Mid05', [728, 90], 'Desktop_AT_Mid05').addService(googletag.pubads());
 );
 userIdentify.then(function() 
 if (isDeviceEnabled("large") && isNonSubcribedUser() && totalPcount.length > 0 && Number.isInteger(15) && totalPcount.length >= (14 + 3)) googletag.cmd.push(function() googletag.display('Desktop_AT_Mid05'););
 );</script><!-- End DFP : /22390678/TH_Desktop_AT_Mid05, publisher: The Hindu --></div>
<div class="d-block d-sm-none "><script data-cfasync="false">
 totalPcount = totalPcount || [];if (isDeviceEnabled("small")) var container = document.createElement("div");
 container.className = "article-ad";container.appendChild(createElementScript("div", "dfp-ad articleinlinead", "MWeb_AT_Middle01", minHeight: '280px'));
 insertElementEnd(totalPcount[1 - 1], container)
 </script><!-- Begin DFP : /22390678/TH_MWeb_AT_Middle01, publisher: The Hindu --><script data-cfasync="false">userIdentify.then(function() 
 if(isDeviceEnabled("small") && isNonSubcribedUser()) googletag.cmd.push(function() googletag.display('MWeb_AT_Middle01'););
 );</script><!-- End DFP : /22390678/TH_MWeb_AT_Middle01, publisher: The Hindu --><script data-cfasync="false">
 totalPcount = totalPcount || [];if (isDeviceEnabled("small")) var container = document.createElement("div");
 container.className = "article-ad";container.appendChild(createElementScript("div", "dfp-ad articleinlinead", "Mweb_Inarticle_1x1", minHeight: '250px'));
 insertElementEnd(totalPcount[3 - 1], container)
 </script><!-- Begin DFP : /22390678/TH_Mweb_Inarticle_1x1, publisher: The Hindu --><script data-cfasync="false">userIdentify.then(function() 
 if(isDeviceEnabled("small") && isNonSubcribedUser()) googletag.cmd.push(function() googletag.display('Mweb_Inarticle_1x1'););
 );</script><!-- End DFP : /22390678/TH_Mweb_Inarticle_1x1, publisher: The Hindu --><script data-cfasync="false">
 totalPcount = totalPcount || [];if (totalPcount.length > 0 && isDeviceEnabled("small") && Number.isInteger(6) && totalPcount.length >= (5 + 3)) var container = document.createElement("div");
 container.className = "article-ad";container.appendChild(createElementScript("div", "dfp-ad articleinlinead", "MWeb_AT_Middle02", minHeight: '280px'));
 insertElementEnd(totalPcount[6 - 1], container)
 </script><!-- Begin DFP : /22390678/TH_MWeb_AT_Middle02, publisher: The Hindu --><script data-cfasync="false">if (totalPcount.length > 0 && Number.isInteger(6) && totalPcount.length >= (5 + 3)) if (isDeviceEnabled("small")) googletag.cmd.push(function() 
 googletag.defineSlot('/22390678/TH_MWeb_AT_Middle02', [[300, 250], [336, 280]], 'MWeb_AT_Middle02').addService(googletag.pubads());
 );
 userIdentify.then(function() 
 if (isDeviceEnabled("small") && isNonSubcribedUser() && totalPcount.length > 0 && Number.isInteger(6) && totalPcount.length >= (5 + 3)) googletag.cmd.push(function() googletag.display('MWeb_AT_Middle02'););
 );</script><!-- End DFP : /22390678/TH_MWeb_AT_Middle02, publisher: The Hindu --><script data-cfasync="false">
 totalPcount = totalPcount || [];if (totalPcount.length > 0 && isDeviceEnabled("small") && Number.isInteger(9) && totalPcount.length >= (8 + 3)) var container = document.createElement("div");
 container.className = "article-ad";container.appendChild(createElementScript("div", "dfp-ad articleinlinead", "MWeb_AT_Middle03", minHeight: '280px'));
 insertElementEnd(totalPcount[9 - 1], container)
 </script><!-- Begin DFP : /22390678/TH_MWeb_AT_Middle03, publisher: The Hindu --><script data-cfasync="false">if (totalPcount.length > 0 && Number.isInteger(9) && totalPcount.length >= (8 + 3)) if (isDeviceEnabled("small")) googletag.cmd.push(function() 
 googletag.defineSlot('/22390678/TH_MWeb_AT_Middle03', [[300, 250], [336, 280]], 'MWeb_AT_Middle03').addService(googletag.pubads());
 );
 userIdentify.then(function() 
 if (isDeviceEnabled("small") && isNonSubcribedUser() && totalPcount.length > 0 && Number.isInteger(9) && totalPcount.length >= (8 + 3)) googletag.cmd.push(function() googletag.display('MWeb_AT_Middle03'););
 );</script><!-- End DFP : /22390678/TH_MWeb_AT_Middle03, publisher: The Hindu --><script data-cfasync="false">
 totalPcount = totalPcount || [];if (totalPcount.length > 0 && isDeviceEnabled("small") && Number.isInteger(12) && totalPcount.length >= (11 + 3)) var container = document.createElement("div");
 container.className = "article-ad";container.appendChild(createElementScript("div", "dfp-ad articleinlinead", "MWeb_AT_Middle04", minHeight: '280px'));
 insertElementEnd(totalPcount[12 - 1], container)
 </script><!-- Begin DFP : /22390678/TH_MWeb_AT_Middle04, publisher: The Hindu --><script data-cfasync="false">if (totalPcount.length > 0 && Number.isInteger(12) && totalPcount.length >= (11 + 3)) if (isDeviceEnabled("small")) googletag.cmd.push(function() 
 googletag.defineSlot('/22390678/TH_MWeb_AT_Middle04', [[300, 250], [336, 280]], 'MWeb_AT_Middle04').addService(googletag.pubads());
 );
 userIdentify.then(function() 
 if (isDeviceEnabled("small") && isNonSubcribedUser() && totalPcount.length > 0 && Number.isInteger(12) && totalPcount.length >= (11 + 3)) googletag.cmd.push(function() googletag.display('MWeb_AT_Middle04'););
 );</script><!-- End DFP : /22390678/TH_MWeb_AT_Middle04, publisher: The Hindu --><script data-cfasync="false">
 totalPcount = totalPcount || [];if (totalPcount.length > 0 && isDeviceEnabled("small") && Number.isInteger(15) && totalPcount.length >= (14 + 3)) var container = document.createElement("div");
 container.className = "article-ad";container.appendChild(createElementScript("div", "dfp-ad articleinlinead", "MWeb_AT_Middle05", minHeight: '280px'));
 insertElementEnd(totalPcount[15 - 1], container)
 </script><!-- Begin DFP : /22390678/TH_MWeb_AT_Middle05, publisher: The Hindu --><script data-cfasync="false">if (totalPcount.length > 0 && Number.isInteger(15) && totalPcount.length >= (14 + 3)) if (isDeviceEnabled("small")) googletag.cmd.push(function() 
 googletag.defineSlot('/22390678/TH_MWeb_AT_Middle05', [[300, 250], [336, 280]], 'MWeb_AT_Middle05').addService(googletag.pubads());
 );
 userIdentify.then(function() 
 if (isDeviceEnabled("small") && isNonSubcribedUser() && totalPcount.length > 0 && Number.isInteger(15) && totalPcount.length >= (14 + 3)) googletag.cmd.push(function() googletag.display('MWeb_AT_Middle05'););
 );</script><!-- End DFP : /22390678/TH_MWeb_AT_Middle05, publisher: The Hindu --></div>
</div>
<p><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p>

ਗ੍ਰਹਿ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਅਤੇ ਜੀਫਿਸਿਕਸ ਵਿਚ ਕੀ ਅੰਤਰ ਹੈ?

