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<p>ਸੰਯà©à¨à¨¤ ਰਾà¨à¨¾à¨ ਵਿੱਠਰà©à©à©à¨¹à©à¨µà¨¾à¨¦à© ਰਾਠਸਰà¨à¨¾à¨°à¨¾à¨ ਵਾਲà©à¨à¨ ਠà¨à¨¿à¨¹à©à¨à¨ ਨà©à¨¤à©à¨à¨ ਨà©à©° ਲਾà¨à© à¨à¨°à¨¨à¨¾ à¨à¨¿ ਵਿਰà©à¨§à© ਦਾਠਵਾ à¨à¨°à¨¦à© ਹਨ à¨à¨¿ ਵਿਦਿਠਠà¨à¨à¨¼à¨¾à¨¦à©, ਠਮà©à¨à¨¨à¨¿à¨ ਲ à¨à¨¾à¨ ਬà©à¨§à¨¿à¨ ਵਿà¨à¨¿à©°à¨¨à¨¤à¨¾ à¨à¨¼à¨¤à¨°à© ਵਿੱਠਪਾਠà¨à¨ ਹਨ. ਹਾਲਾà¨à¨à¨¿ ਵਿà¨à¨¾à¨°à¨¾à¨ ਠਤ੠à¨à¨¾à¨à¨ ਦ੠à¨à¨à¨¼à¨¾à¨¦à© ਨà©à©° ਲੰਬ੠ਸਮà©à¨ ਤà©à¨ ਯà©à¨à¨¸ ਦà©à¨à¨°à¨¾ à¨à¨ªà¨£à© à¨à©±à¨ ਸਿੱà¨à¨¿à¨ ਪà©à¨°à¨£à¨¾à¨²à© ਦ੠à¨à¨¼à¨°à©à¨°à© ਹਿੱਸ੠ਵà¨à©à¨ ਰੱà¨à¨¿à¨ à¨à¨¿à¨ ਹà©, à¨à¨¸ ਸਮà©à¨ à¨à¨¹ ਠਸਲ ਬà©à¨¨à¨¿à¨à¨¦ à¨à¨¸ ਸਮà©à¨ à¨à¨¼à¨¤à¨°à© ਵਿੱਠਹà©. à¨à¨¹ à¨à¨à¨¨à¨¾ ਰਾà¨à¨¨à©à¨¤à©à¨à¨°à¨¨ ਦà©à¨à¨°à¨¾ ਯà©à¨¨à©à¨µà¨°à¨¸à¨¿à¨à© ਦ੠à¨à¨à¨¸à¨¾à¨°à¨¤à¨¾ ਨà©à©° à¨à¨à¨¾ à¨à¨¿à¨µà©à¨à¨ à¨à© à¨à¨¸ ਤà©à¨ ਵ੠ਯà©à¨¨à©à¨µà¨°à¨¸à¨¿à¨à© ਦ੠à¨à¨à¨¸à¨¾à¨°à¨¤à¨¾ ਨà©à©° à¨à¨à¨¾ ਦਿੱਤ੠à¨à¨¾à¨µà© à¨à¨¸ ਤà©à¨ à¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨à¨ ਯਾਦà¨à¨¾à¨°à¨¾à¨ ਵà¨à©à¨ à¨à©°à¨® à¨à¨° ਰਹ੠ਹà©.</p>
<h4 class="sub_head">à¨à©±à¨ ਪà©à¨°à©à¨¸à¨¼à¨¾à¨¨ ਪà©à¨à¨°à¨¨</h4>
<p>à¨à¨¾à¨¨à©à©°à¨¨, à¨à© à¨à¨¿ ਸà¨à©à¨²à¨¾à¨ ਵਿਠਨਸਲ, ਲਿੰਠਠਤ੠ਲਿੰà¨à¨à¨¤à¨¾ ਵਰà¨à© ਵਿਸ਼ਿà¨à¨ ਦ੠ਸਿੱà¨à¨¿à¨ ਨà©à©° ਸà©à¨®à¨¤ à¨à¨°à¨¦à© ਹਨ, à¨à¨¿à¨¨à©à¨¹à¨¾à¨ ਨà©à©° ਫਲà©à¨°à¨¿à¨¡à¨¾, à¨à©à¨à¨¸à¨¾à¨¸ ਠਤ੠à¨à©à¨¨à¨¸à© ਸਮà©à¨¤. à¨à¨¹ à¨à¨¾à¨¨à©à©°à¨¨ ਰਾà¨à¨¨à©à¨¤à¨¿à¨ ਠਵਿਨਾਸ਼à©à¨à¨°à¨¨ ਤà©à¨ ਬੱà¨à¨¿à¨à¨ ਨà©à©° ਮà©à¨² à¨à¨°à¨¨ ਲਠਤਿà¨à¨° à¨à©à¨¤à© à¨à¨ ਸਨ: à¨à¨¨à¨¤à¨ ਠਦਾਰਿà¨à¨ ਵਿੱਠਮਹੱਤਵਪà©à¨°à¨£ ਰà©à¨¸ ਥਿà¨à¨°à© (ਸ੠à¨à¨° à¨à©) ਦ੠ਮਨਾਹ੠à¨à©à¨¤à© à¨à¨¾ ਰਹ੠ਹà©; à¨à¨ à¨à¨¿à¨¸à¨®à¨¾à¨, à¨à¨à©à¨à¨à© ਠਤ੠ਸ਼ਮà©à¨²à©à¨ ਤ (ਡà©à¨) ਦਫਤਰਾਠਨà©à©° ਵਿà¨à¨¾à©à¨¿à¨ à¨à¨¾ ਰਿਹਾ ਹà©; ਠਤ੠à¨à©à¨°à¨¸ ਸਮੱà¨à¨°à© ਠਤ੠ਲਾà¨à¨¬à©à¨°à©à¨°à© ਸਰà©à¨¤à¨¾à¨ ਦਾ ਨਿਯੰਤਰਣ</p>
<p>ਬਹà©à¨¤ ਸਾਰ੠ਠਧਿà¨à¨ªà¨ à¨à¨¸ à¨à©à¨ª-ਡਾà¨à¨¨ ਮà©à¨¨à©à¨à¨®à©à¨à¨ ਬਾਰ੠à¨à¨¿à©°à¨¤à¨¤ ਹਨ à¨à¨¿à¨à¨à¨à¨¿ à¨à¨¹ à¨à¨¸ ਨà©à©° à¨à¨ªà¨£à© à¨à¨à¨¼à¨¾à¨¦à© &#8216;ਤ੠à¨à¨ªà¨£à© à¨à¨à¨¼à¨¾à¨¦à© ਦ੠ਤà©à¨° ਤ੠à¨à¨ªà¨£à© à¨à¨à¨¼à¨¾à¨¦à© ਦ੠ਤà©à¨° ਤ੠à¨à¨¸ ਦ੠à¨à©à¨ à¨à¨°à¨¨ ਦ੠à¨à¨®à©à¨¦ à¨à¨°à¨¦à© ਹਨ. à¨à¨¾à¨°à¨à¨à¨¾à¨²à¨®à¨¾à¨ ਦ੠ਪà©à¨°à¨£à¨¾à¨²à©à¨à¨ ਨਾਲ ਵ੠ਪਾਬੰਦ੠ਲà¨à¨¾à¨à¨£ à¨à¨¾à¨ ਹà¨à¨¾à¨à¨£ ਲਠਬà©à¨¨à¨¤à©à¨à¨ ਵ੠ਹਨ, à¨à© ਵਿਦਿਠਠà¨à¨à¨¼à¨¾à¨¦à© ਦਾ ਨà©à¨à¨¹ ਪੱਥਰ ਹਨ.</p>
<p>ਮਹੱਤਵਪà©à¨°à¨£ ਦà©à© ਸਿਧਾà¨à¨¤ ਦ੠ਦà©à¨à¨²à© ਵਿà¨à¨¾à¨° ਵà¨à¨¾à¨à¨¦à¨°à© &#8216;ਤ੠à¨à©à¨° à¨à¨°à©.</p>
<p>1970 ਠਤ੠1980 ਠਤ੠1980 ਦ੠ਦਹਾà¨à© ਵਿਠਹà©à¨ ਠਮਰà©à¨à© ਲਾਠਸà¨à©à¨²à¨¾à¨ ਵਿਠà¨à¨¿à¨¹à¨¾ à¨à¨¿à¨ ਸà©, à¨à¨¼à¨°à©à¨°à© ਦੱਸਦਾ ਹ੠à¨à¨¿ ਪà©à¨°à¨¾à¨à¨µà©à¨°à©à¨à¨² ਰਾਠਤਠਸà©à¨®à¨¿à¨¤ ਹà©à¨£ ਦ੠ਬà¨à¨¾à¨ ਠਮà©à¨°à©à¨à¨¨ ਦ੠ਸੰਸਥਾਵਾà¨, à¨à¨¾à¨¨à©à©°à¨¨à© ਪà©à¨°à¨£à¨¾à¨²à©à¨à¨ ਠਤ੠à¨à¨¨à¨¤à¨ ਨà©à¨¤à© ਵਿਠà¨à¨¿à©°à¨¨à¨¾ ਨਸਬੰਦ੠à¨à¨°à¨¦à© ਹਨ. ਮà©à©±à¨ ਮà©à¨² ਧਾਰਨਾ à¨à¨¹ ਹਨ:</p>
<p>à¨à¨¾à¨¤à¨µà¨¾à¨¦ ਪà©à¨°à¨£à¨¾à¨²à©à¨µà¨¾à¨¦à© ਹà©; à¨à¨¹ ਵਿਠà¨à¨¤à©à¨à¨¤ ਪੱà¨à¨ªà¨¾à¨¤ ਤੱਠਸà©à¨®à¨¿à¨¤ ਨਹà©à¨ ਹà©, ਪਰ ਸੰਸਥਾਵਾà¨, à¨à¨¾à¨¨à©à©°à¨¨à¨¾à¨ ਠਤ੠structures ਾà¨à¨à¨¿à¨à¨ ਵਿੱਠਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਹà©à©°à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©.</p>
<p>ਦà©à© ਸਮਾà¨à¨ ਤà©à¨° ਤ੠ਨਿਰਮਿਤ ਹà©; à¨à¨¹ à¨à©à¨µ-ਵਿà¨à¨¿à¨à¨¨ ਠਧਾਰਤ ਨਹà©à¨ ਹà©; à¨à¨¸ ਦ੠ਬà¨à¨¾à¨, à¨à¨¹ ਨਿਯੰਤਰਣ ਠਤ੠ਵਰà¨à©à¨à¨°à¨£ ਲਠਵਰਤ੠à¨à¨¾à¨à¨¦à© ਸਮਾà¨à¨¿à¨ ਨਿਰਮਾਣ ਦ੠ਵਰਤà©à¨ à¨à©à¨¤à© à¨à¨¾à¨à¨¦à© ਹà©.</p>
<p>ਸਹà©à¨²à¨¤à¨¾à¨ ਠਤ੠ਸ਼à¨à¨¤à© ਮਹੱਤਵਪà©à¨°à¨¨ ਹਨ: ਮà©à¨à©à¨¦à¨¾ structures ਾà¨à¨à¨¿à¨à¨ ਤà©à¨ à¨à©à¨£ ਲਾਠਹà©à©°à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©? ਸà©à¨à¨°à¨à© ਠਸਮਾਨਤਾ ਠਤ੠ਨਿà¨à¨ ਬਾਰ੠à¨à©à¨£à©à¨¤à© à¨à¨°à¨ªà©à¨° ਪà©à¨°à¨¸à¨¼à¨¨à¨¾à¨ ਨà©à©° ਪà©à¨¸à¨¼ à¨à¨°à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©.</p>
<p>à¨à¨¾à¨¨à©à©°à¨¨ ਠਤ੠à¨à¨¤à¨¿à¨¹à¨¾à¨¸ ਦ੠à¨à¨¹à¨¾à¨£à© ਦੱਸਣ ਲà¨, à¨à¨®à¨à¨¼à©à¨°à©à¨à¨ ਦà©à¨à¨ à¨à¨µà¨¾à¨à¨¼à¨¾à¨ ਸà©à¨£à©à¨à¨ à¨à¨¾à¨£à©à¨à¨ à¨à¨¾à¨¹à©à¨¦à©à¨à¨ ਹਨ.</p>
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<p>ਹਾਲਾà¨à¨à¨¿ à¨à¨¼à¨¿à¨à¨¦à¨¾à¨¤à¨° ਵਿਦਿਠਠਠਦਾਰਿà¨à¨ ਵਿਠਸà©.à¨à¨°.à¨à©.à¨à¨ ਨà©à©° ਸਿà¨à¨¾à¨à¨ à¨à¨¾à¨à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©, à¨à¨¹ ਹਾਲ ਹ੠ਵਿਠਰਾà¨à¨¨à©à¨¤à¨¿à¨ ਤà©à¨° &#8216;ਤ੠ਠਮਰà©à¨à¨¾ ਵਿਠà¨à©à¨¤à¨¾ à¨à¨¿à¨ ਹà©, à¨à¨¹à¨¿à©°à¨¦à¨¾ ਹ੠à¨à¨¿ à¨à¨¹ ਵਿਵਾਦ ਨà©à©° ਬà©à¨à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©. ਵà¨à©à¨² ਦਾਠਵਾ à¨à¨°à¨¦à© ਹਨ à¨à¨¿ à¨à¨¹ ਨਿà¨à¨, à¨à¨¤à¨¿à¨¹à¨¾à¨¸ ਠਤ੠ਨਸਲਵਾਦ ਦ੠ਸਪੱਸ਼ਠਤà©à¨° ਤ੠ਵਿà¨à¨¾à¨° ਵà¨à¨¾à¨à¨¦à¨°à© ਦ੠à¨à©±à¨² à¨à¨°à¨¦à¨¾ ਹà©.</p>
<h4 class="sub_head">ਰà©à©à©à¨µà¨¾à¨¦à© ਪਹà©à©°à¨</h4>
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<h4 class="sub_head">ਹਾਰਵਰਡ à¨à¨à¨°à¨¾à¨ </h4>
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ਅਮੈਰੀਕਨ ਅਕਾਦਮਿਕ ਆਜ਼ਾਦੀ ਦੇ ਸੰਕਟ ਤੋਂ ਭਾਰਤ ਕੀ ਸਿੱਖ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ: ਜਦੋਂ ਰਾਜਨੀਤੀ ਕਲਾਸ ਵਿਚ ਦਾਖਲ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ
